Mackinac Island ( "English respelling pronunciation"> MAK -in-aw ) is an island and an area resort, covering 3.8 square miles (9.8 km 2 ) in the land area, in the US state of Michigan. The city is located on Lake Huron, at the eastern end of the Strait of Mackinac, between the upper and lower state peninsulas. The island is home to Odawa settlements before European exploration began in the 17th century. It serves a strategic position as a trading hub of Great Lakes fur trade. This led to the formation of Fort Mackinac on the island by the British during the American Revolutionary War. It was the site of two battles during the War of 1812.
At the end of the 19th century, Mackinac Island became a popular tourist attraction and summer colony. Many islands have undergone extensive historical preservation and restoration; as a result, the entire island is listed as a National Historic Landmark. He is famous for his many cultural events; various architectural styles, including the Victorian Grand Hotel and its ban on almost all motor vehicles. More than 80 percent of the island is preserved as the State Park of Mackinac Island.
Video Mackinac Island
Etimologi Edit
Like many historic sites in the Great Lakes region, the name Mackinac Island comes from Native American. Native Americans in the Strait of Mackinac likened the shape of the island to a tortoise so they named it "Mitchimakinak" (Big Bang Ojibwe: span gang span lang.) Mishimikinaak ". Andrew Blackbird, an official translator for the US government and the son of the Odawa chief, said it was named after the tribe who lived there. The French spell with the original pronunciation version: Michilimackinac. England shortened it to its present name: "Mackinac." Michillimackinac also spelled as Mishinimakinago, M? Sh? Ma'k? Nung, Mi-shi-ne-macki naw-go, Missilimakinak, Teiodondoraghie.
The Menominee has traditionally lived in a huge area of ​​10 million hectares that stretches from Wisconsin to the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. The historic references include one by Father Frederic Baraga, a Slovenian missionary priest in Michigan, who in his 1878 dictionary wrote:
Mishinimakinago; pl. -g. - This name is given to some strange Indians (according to the word Otchipwes [Ojibwe]), which rowed through the jungle, and who sometimes sounded firing, but never seen. And from this word, the village name Mackinac , or Michillimackinac , comes from.
Maehkaenah is the word Menominee for turtles. In his 1952 book The North American Indians, John Reed Swanton was recorded under the section "Wisconsin": "Menominee," a band called "Misi'nimÃÆ'¤k Kimiko Wini'niwuk," Michilimackinac People, "in near the old fortress in Mackinac, Mich. "
In the early written history of Mackinac Island (1887) by Andrew Blackbird, the historian Odawa, he describes that an independent small tribe called "Mi-shi-ne-macki naw-go" once occupied Mackinac Island. They became confederations with Ottawa from Ottawa Island (now Manitoulin Island) located north of Lake Huron. One winter of Mi-shi-ne-macki naw-go on Mackinac Island was almost entirely annihilated by the Seneca men of New York, who were part of the Iroquois Confederacy. Only two local natives escaped by hiding in one of the island's natural caves. To commemorate the loss of this allied tribe, Ottawa named what is now called Mackinac Island, as "Mi-shi-ne-macki-nong." In 1895, Fort Mackinac, John R. Bailey, M. D. published his history, titled Mackinac, formerly Michilimackinac, which describes some of the first recorded presence in Mackinac of French merchants. They arrived in 1654 with a large party of Hurons and Ottawa heading to Three Rivers; another visitor was an adventurer who traveled canoeing in 1665.
Maps Mackinac Island
History Edit
Prehistoric Edit
Archaeologists have dug a prehistoric fishing camp in Mackinac Island and in the surrounding area. Fishhooks, pottery, and other artifacts built the presence of Native Americans at least 700 years before European exploration, around 900. The island is a sacred place in the tradition of some of the earliest known inhabitants, Anishinaabe, who regarded it as a home to Gitche Manitou, or "Spirit Great". According to legend, Mackinac Island was created by Great Hare, Michabou and is the first land that emerged after the Great Flood recession. The island is a gathering place for local tribes where their offerings are made for Gitche Manitou, and that is where the chiefs burial.
the 17th to 18th centuries Edit
The first European to have seen Mackinac Island was Jean Nicolet, French-Canadian coureur, during 1634 exploration. Jesuit priest Claude Dablon founded a mission to Native Americans on Mackinac Island in 1670, and settled in the winter of 1670-71. The successor successor that fell in 1671, the missionary and explorer Jacques Marquette, moved the mission to St. Ignace soon after his arrival. With a mission as a focus, the Mackinac Strait quickly became an important French fur trade site. The British controlled the Strait of Mackinac after the French and Indian Wars and Major Patrick Sinclair chose island cliffs for Fort Mackinac in 1780.
The Jesuit Relations (1671) berisi deskripsi panjang tentang Pulau Mackinac:
Its fisheries, wind and tide phenomena, and tribes that, now and in the past, have made it their home. A favorite resort for all the Algonkin tribes, many of whom have returned there since making peace with Iroquois. On this account, the Jesuits embarked on a new mission, opposite Mackinac, called St. Ignace. They had fled from Hurons, expelled from the Bay of Chequamegon by fear of Sioux, "Iroquois of the West."
The Relations also shows the tremendous strategic importance of Michilimackinac/Mackinac Island as "the central point for all trips over the Great Lakes, and for most of the wilderness and semi-settled countries beyond" to First Bangsa and Europe (before the arrival of the railroad tracks). The tribes that had settled Mackinac Island had been driven out by Iroquois, leaving the island practically empty until 1670. The Hurons of Lake Superior, fearing the Sioux, retreated to the coast north of Mackinac Island. Here Marquette resumed his missionary work with them, at St. The Ignace now. Memoir 1688 of Jacques-Renà © à © Brisay de Denonville, Marquis de Denonville, claims that France has inhabited the area since 1648. A small French garrison was sent there between 1679 and 1683.
The name Michilimackinac (later abbreviated as Mackinac) is generally applied to the whole area, as well as special for the post at St. Ignace. Later it was applied to the castle and mission established on the southern side of the Mackinac Strait.
Although the British built Fort Mackinac to protect their settlements from attacks by the French-Canadians and indigenous tribes, the castle was never attacked during the American Revolutionary War. The entire territory of Straits was formally acquired by the United States through the Treaty of Paris (1783). However, most British troops did not leave the Great Lakes territory until after 1794, when the Treaty of Jay establishes US sovereignty over the Northwest Territories.
of the 19th century to present Edit
During the War of 1812, the British captured the fortress at the Siege of Fort Mackinac, the first battle of the conflict, because America has not heard that war has been declared. The winning English tried to protect their prizes by building Fort George on the plateau behind Fort Mackinac. In 1814, America and Britain fought in the second battle on the north side of the island. The second American commander, Major Andrew Holmes, was killed and America failed to reclaim the island.
Despite these results, the 1815 Ghent Treaty forced Britain to return the island and its surrounding land to the United States. The United States re-occupied Fort Mackinac, and renamed Fort George as Fort Holmes, after Major Holmes. Fort Mackinac remained under the control of the United States government until 1895 and provided volunteers to defend the Union during the American Civil War. The fort was used as a prison for three US Confederate sympathizers.
John Jacob Astor's American Fur Company was based in Mackinac Island after the War of 1812 and exported the fur of otters for thirty years. In the mid-19th century, commercial fishing for regular milkfish and lake trout began to replace the feather trade as the main industry on the island. While sport fishing became more popular in the 1880s, hotels and restaurants accommodated tourists coming by rail or lake boats from Detroit.
After the Civil War, the island became a popular tourist destination for city dwellers on the Great Lakes. Much of the federal land on Mackinac Island was designated as the second national park, Mackinac National Park, in 1875, just three years after Yellowstone National Park was named the first national park. To accommodate the influx of tourists in the 1880s, ships and rail companies built hotels, including the Grand Hotel. Souvenir shops are starting to emerge as a way for the islanders to benefit from the tourists. Many wealthy business monarchs build a summer "hut" along the island's cliffs for long stays. When the federal government left the island in 1895, all federal lands, including Fort Mackinac, were awarded to the state of Michigan and became Michigan's first state park. The Mackinac Island State Parks Commission commissioned to oversee the island limits personal development in the park and requires rental holders to maintain typical Victorian architecture on the island.
Motor vehicles were restricted in the late 19th century due to concerns about the health and safety of the islanders and horses after the local train drivers complained that the cars surprised their horses. This prohibition continues until now with the exception only for emergency vehicles and construction.
Geography Edit
Mackinac Island is about 8 miles (13 km) in circumference and 3.8 square miles (9.8 km 2 ) in the total area. The highest point of the island is the historic Fort Holmes (originally called Fort George by England before 1815), which is 320 feet (98 m) above the lake surface and 890 feet (271 m) above sea level. According to the 2010 US Census, the island has a 492 year-round population. The population grows rapidly during the summer such as hotels, restaurants, bars and retail stores, open only during the summer, hiring short-term employees to accommodate as many as 15,000 visitors per day.
Geology Edit
Mackinac Island was formed because the last glacial glaciers began to melt about 13,000 BC. The bedrock layers underlying the island are much older, dating from the late Siluria and Dini Devonian times, some 400 to 420 million last year. The subsurface deposits of halite (rock salt) dissolve, allowing the collapse of limestone upon it; these once-damaged stones are now compacted composed of Mackinac Breccia. The melting glaciers form the Great Lakes, and the ebb lakewater erodes the limestone rocks, forming steep cliffs and rock formations on the island. At least three levels of the lake were previously known, two of which are higher than the current coast: sea level Algonquin levels up to about 13,000 years ago, and the Nipissing coastline formed 4,000 to 6,000 years ago. During this low mid-water period between these two high water stages, the Mackinac Strait is shrinking into a narrow gorge that flows its waters over Mackinac Falls, located east of the island (beyond Arch Rock), to Lake Huron.
When Big Lake assumes their current level, the waterfall is flooded and Mackinac Island takes its present size. The steep cliffs are one of the main reasons for the choice of British troops on the island for a fortress; their decisions are different from the French army, who have built Fort Michilimackinac around 1715 near the city of Mackinaw today. Limestone formations are still part of the island's charm. However, tourists are attracted to the natural environment rather than strategic value. One of the most popular geological formations is Arch Rock, a natural limestone arch, 146 feet (45 m) above the ground. Other popular geological formations include Devil's Kitchen, Skull Cave, and Sugar Loaf.
Nature Edit
Mackinac Island contains a variety of terrain, including fields, swamps, swamps, coastlines, boreal forests, and limestone formations. The environment is legally preserved on the island by the appointment of the State Historic Park. About half of the coastline and adjacent waters of Mackinac Island, including the harbor (Haldimand Bay) and the south and west coast of Mission Point to Pointe aux Pins, are protected as part of the Straits Preservation of the Straits of Mackinac, a state marine park. Due to being separated from the land by 3 miles (4.8 km) of water, some large mammals inhabit the island, except those that cross the ice during the winter months. Rabbits, foxes, raccoons, otters, stoats, gray and red squirrels, and chipmunks are all common such as beavers and coyotes. Bats are the most abundant migratory mammals because crossing the water is not an obstacle to them. There are many limestone caves that serve as a home for bats and many insects on the island to be beaten by bats. The island is frequented by migratory birds on their travels between summer and winter habitats. Eagles and eagles are abundant in April and May, while small birds such as yellow warbler, American redstart, and indigo bunting are more common in early summer. Near the shoreline, seagulls, storks, geese, and ordinary seabirds. Owls, including snowy owls and large gray owls, came to the island from the North Pole to hunt in warmer climates. Other birds, such as girls, cardinals, blue jays, and woodpeckers, live on the island year-round. Frogs have also been found.
Mackinac Island contains more than 600 species of vascular plants. Flowering plants and wildflowers abound, including trillium, ladies sandals, forget-me-not, violet, trout lily, spring beauties, hepatica, buttercup, and hawkweeds in forests and orchids, tufted gentians, butter-and-eggs, and jack -in-pulpit along the shoreline. The island's forests are home to many tree species, such as maple, birch, elm, cedar, pine, and cypress.
Media Edit
The island's newspaper is Mackinac Island Town Crier . It has been owned and operated by Wesley H. Maurer Sr. and his family since 1957 as training for journalism. It is published weekly from May to September and monthly for the rest of the year.
Transportation Edit
The island can be reached by private boat, by ferry, by small plane, and in winter, with snowmobile on the ice bridge. The airport has a 3,500 feet (1,070 m) paved runway, and daily charter services from the mainland are available. In the summer holiday season, the ferry service is available from Shepler's Ferry, and the Star Line Ferry to take visitors to the island from St. Petersburg. Ignace and Mackinaw City.
Motor vehicles have been banned on the island since 1898, with the exception of snowmobiles during winter, emergency vehicles, and official vehicles. The trip on the island is by foot, bike, or horse-drawn carriage. Shoe wheels and roller blades are also allowed, except in the downtown area. Bicycles, roller skates/roller blades, carriages, and saddle horses are available for rent. The 8 mile (13 km) road follows the perimeter of the island, and many paths, paths and walkways cover the interior. M-185, the only US state highway without a motor vehicle, circles around the island, hugging the shoreline.
This island is the location of Mackinac Island State Park, which covers about 80 percent of the island and includes Fort Mackinac as well as part of the historic city center and historic harbor. Camping is not allowed on the island, but many hotels and bed and breakfasts are available.
The downtown streets are filled with many retail stores and restaurants.
Architecture Edit
Most of the buildings on Mackinac Island are built of wood, some made of stone, and most have siding boards. Architectural style on a 300-year island range, from early Native American structures to 19th-century styles. The earliest structures were built by Anishinaabe and Ojibwe (Chippewa) tribes before European exploration. At least two buildings still exist from the original French settlement at the end of the 18th century. Mackinac Island has the only example of northern French countryside architecture in the United States, and one of the few survivors in North America.
Mackinac Island also contains examples of Federal, Colonial, and Greek Resurrection styles. Most of the island is built in later style from the Victorian era that includes Gothic Revival style, Stick style, Italianate, Second Empire, Richardson Romanesque and Queen Anne. The latest style used on island dates from the late 19th century to the 1930s and includes the Colonial and Tudor revival styles.
Destination Edit
All of Mackinac Island was listed as a National Historic Landmark in October 1960. Additionally, because the island's long history and conservation efforts began in the 1890s, eight separate locations on the island, and a ninth site in adjacent Round Island, listed on the Place List Historic National United States.
- The whole island, Haldimand Bay, and small shipwrecks form the historic district.
- The Mackinac fort was built in 1780 and closed as a fortress in 1895 for no longer having a strategic purpose. It has been restored to a 19th century country through an effort that began in the 1930s.
- Biddle House, one of the oldest buildings on Mackinac Island, was built around 1780 and is interpreted in its role as a prosperous family home during the peak trading feathers of the 1820s.
- The house of McGulpin, a working class house probably constructed before 1780, is interpreted as a border-class worker's home.
- The Agency House of American Fur Company was built in 1820 as home to Mackinac Island's agent, Robert Stuart. Now open to the public as a feather trade museum.
- The Mission House was built in Mission Point in 1825 by Presbyterian missionary William Montague Ferry as a boarding school for Native American children. It became a hotel in 1849 and a boarding house in 1939. It was restored and is now home to State Park employees.
- Mission Point's 108-foot tall history museum has five floors of historic exhibits and views of the Mackinac Strait. The exhibits include the maritime history of Mackinac Island, the Great Lakes lighthouse, the cruise, and the wreck, the Mackinac Bridge construction, and the Somewhere in Time movie, which was primarily filmed on Mission Point properties.
- The Mission Church was built in 1829 and is the oldest surviving church building in Michigan. The restoration effort has returned the church to its 1830 appearance.
- The Indian dormitory was built under the direction of United States agent Henry Rowe Schoolcraft after the signing of the 1836 Treaty of Washington, as a school and place for Native Americans who visited the island to live when receiving annual allotments. The building was restored in 1966 and converted into a museum, which closed in 2003. On 2 July 2010, the building reopened as The Richard and Jane Manoogian Mackinac Art Museum. It features Mackinac art from prehistory to the present, and includes a children's art studio.
- Matthew Geary House was built in 1846, added to the list in 1971, and is now available for vacation rentals.
- The Sainte Anne Church is currently built from 1874. Earlier parish churches were replaced used on Mackinac Island and adjacent land; parochial register register of the sacrament from 1695.
- The Grand Hotel is a Victorian-style structure that opened in 1887. The 1980 film Somewhere in Time is taken on-site.
- The Round Island Lighthouse is located on the southern island of a small uninhabited Round Island. Light was built in 1894 and was automated in 1924. Extensive restoration efforts began in the 1970s and the exterior and structure have been improved.
- The Wawashkamo Golf Club was styled in 1898 as a Scottish linkage course and is now the continent's oldest playing golf course in Michigan.
- The Michigan Governor's Summer residence was built facing the harbor in 1902 and purchased by the state for use as a governor's residence in 1943.
- Anne's Tablet is an installation of an Art Nouveau statue that was added to blufftop in 1916.
- There are several children's parks on the island. The most popular ones include a playground on the school grounds; Marquette Park; and the lesser known Turtle Park, which includes a baseball field, skate park, barbecue area and playground.
Culture Edit
Events Edit
Mackinac Island is home to many cultural events, including the annual American art show from Masco's collection of 19th-century works at the Grand Hotel. There are at least five art galleries on the island.
Since 1949, the island's inhabitants have celebrated the island's original lilac with a 10-day annual festival, culminating in a horse parade which has been recognized as a local heritage event by the Library of Congress.
The island is a destination for many national and regional conferences including the Mackinac Policy Conference.
Scout Service Camp Edit
Every summer, Mackinac Island holds up to 54 Michigan Boy Scouts and Boy Scouts and their leaders for several weeks. This watcher serves the state park as the Honorary Keeper of the Governor of Mackinac Island. The program began in 1929, when the State Parks Commission invited eight Eagle Scouts, including young Gerald Ford, to serve as honorary guards for the Michigan governor.
In 1974, the program expanded to include Scouts. This program is popular, selective, and old traditions. Scouts raise and drop twenty-six flags on the island, serve as guides, and complete volunteer service projects during their stay. These scouts live in the Scout Barracks behind Fort Mackinac.
Sailing Edit
Mackinac Island is the destination for two sailing competitions. The island has a sailing club, Mackinac Island Yacht Club. It serves as the finish line for both Huron Port to Mackinac Race and the Chicago Yacht Club Race to Mackinac. The race lasted a week apart, in July. They are both among the longest running water race sailing in the world and attracted more than 500 boats and 3,500 combined seafarers. Both races are historic events, which have been run every year since the 1920s.
Movie location Edit
The pool at the Grand Hotel is named for Esther Williams, who starred in the 1947 movie This Time for Keeps featuring many of her scenes on Mackinac Island.
The majority of the 1980 film Somewhere in Time was filmed at Mission Point on Mackinac Island. Several landmarks are seen in the film, including the Grand Hotel and the lighthouse on adjacent Round Island. The film director says he needs to "find a place that seems unchanged in eighty years."
Mackinac Island is featured on two episodes of the mid-2000s TV series Gross Jobs , with host Mike Rowe as Mackinac Bridge maintenance worker, and horse shit and garbage collector/collector collector.
In a scene from the 2011 film Elly Fanning's character, Alice 'Allie' Dainard mentioned the island as "the beautiful Mackinac Island of the year".
Famous people Edit
See also Edit
- Michigan Portal
- The islands of the population on the Great Lakes
References Edit
External links Edit
- List of M-185 Routes on Michigan Highway
- The history, art and library of Michigan, Mackinac Island
- Guide and photos of Mackinac Island
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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