Wind power in Texas consists of many wind farms with a total installed capacity of 22,637 MW of more than 40 different projects. Texas produces the most wind power in any US state. Wind power accounts for 12.63% of the electricity generated in Texas in the 12 months ending in October 2016.
The wind source in many parts of Texas is huge. Farmers can rent their land for wind developers, creating a new revenue stream for agriculture. The wind power industry has also created more than 24,000 jobs for local communities and for the country. Texas is seen as the commercial leader of commercial, profit-driven, renewable energy in the United States. The wind blasts in Texas are aided by the expansion of the country's Renewable Portfolio Standards, the use of a specified Competitive Renewable Zone, accelerated transmission of the transmission, and the establishment of General Commission Requirements rules.
The Roscoe Wind Farm (781 MW), near the town of Roscoe, is the largest wind farm in the state. Other large wind farms in Texas include: Horse Horse Wind Energy Center, Sherbino Wind Farm, Capricorn Ridge Wind Farm, Sweetwater Wind Farm, Buffalo Wind Farming, Wind Winds Farming, Desert Wind Agriculture, Liarado Wind Farm, and Brazos Mountain Agricultural Land.
Video Wind power in Texas
Overview
Wind power has a long history in Texas. West Texas State University started wind energy research in 1970 and led the establishment of the Alternative Energy Institute (AEI) in 1977. AEI has been a major source of information on wind energy for Texas. The first 80 meter tower was set up in Big Spring, Texas in 1999.
Some of the forces drive the growth of wind power in Texas: favorable wind resources and land availability, State targets for renewable energy, cost efficiencies for the development and operation of wind farms, and appropriate transmission lines. The wide range and geographical width of the wind farms in Texas is considerable: the wind resource area is located in the Texas Panhandle, along Galveston's southern Gulf coast, and across the mountains and peaks of the Trans-Pecos ridge on the western tip of Texas. While there are more than 10,700 wind turbines currently operating in Texas to generate electricity, there are still 80,000 windmills operating in Texas to pump water, indicating the amount of potential remaining growth for wind power.
Wind power is a non-profit company between landowners and wind farm operators. Texas farmers can rent their land for wind developers either for lease rentals per turbine or for a small percentage of the gross annual revenues from the project. It gives farmers fresh income streams without impacting on traditional farming and pastoral practices. Although rental arrangements vary widely, the US Government Accountability Office reported in 2004 that a farmer who leases land to a wind project developer can generally earn a royalty of $ 3,000 to $ 5,000 per turbine per year in rent payments. These numbers are increasing because larger wind turbines are being produced and installed.
Wind power offers a reliable benefit because its generation (though not its transmission) is highly decentralized. Sabotage and industrial accidents can pose a potential threat to large, centrally located power plants, which provide most of Texas electricity. If one of these plants is damaged, repairs may take more than a year, the possibility of creating energy shortages on a scale never experienced by the previous Texan troops. Coal trains and gas pipelines are also susceptible to interference. However, wind power plants are quickly installed and repaired. The modular structure of the wind farm also means that if one turbine is damaged, the overall output of the plant is not significantly affected.
Wind is a very varied resource. With proper understanding and planning, it can be incorporated into a mixture of electric utility generations, although it certainly does not provide the on-demand availability provided by the Gas power plant.
Many areas in Texas have wind conditions that allow for the development of wind power plants. The number of commercially attractive sites has grown when wind turbine technology has improved and development costs continue to decline. (-> Electricity cost by source # United States) Particularly in southern Texas, the difference between ground and offshore temperatures creates a convection that generates significant winds in the middle of the day when electricity usage is usually at its peak. Although this wind is less than in West Texas, they happen to be more predictable, deeper correlation with consumption, and closer to consumers. Several wind farms have been developed on the Texas coast, a combined 3,000 MW.
Starting in 2008, the explosion of wind power development in Texas outstripped the capacity of the on-site transmission system, and the predicted shortage in transmission capability could reduce industry growth. Until 2008, the growth of wind power "piggyback" on the existing track, but almost spent the spare capacity. As a result, in the winter, west Texas networks often have a local electricity surplus, so prices will drop below zero. According to Michael Goggin, an electric industry analyst at AWEA, "Prices fell below US $ 30/MWh (megawatt-hour) on 63% day during the first half of 2008, compared to 10% for the same period in 2007 and 5% 2006. "
In July 2008, utility officials gave preliminary approval for a $ 4.9 billion plan to build a new transmission line to bring wind-generated electricity from West Texas to an urban area such as Dallas. The new plan will be the largest investment in renewable energy in US history, and will add a transmission line capable of moving about 18,000 megawatts. ERCOT limits wind power by 17% (3.8 TWh) in 2009, but it declines to only 0.5% in 2014, as transmission increases, in particular the Competitive Renewable Zone (CREZ) in 2013. However, the CREZ line sometimes maximized, and in November 2015, the price is negative for 50 hours. Wind power in Texas receives a subsidy regardless of whether the price of electricity is positive or negative. Wind power sometimes supplies 14 GW in Texas, about half of consumption in a somewhat archipelagic country.
In areas where Smart Metering is generally installed, some utilities offer free electricity at night.
Maps Wind power in Texas
List of big wind farms in Texas
The table below lists the larger wind farms in Texas, which are currently operating or under construction. Wind farms smaller than 140 MW are not shown.
Location map
Standard Renewable Portfolio
The Standard of Texas Renewable Portfolio was originally created by Senate Bill 7 and signed by Bush Governor in 1999, which helped Texas eventually become a major producer of wind power in the US. RPS is part of a new law restructuring the power industry. The Texas RPS mandated that utility companies jointly create new 2000 MW renewable energy in 2009 based on their market share. In 2005, Senate Bill 20, raising the country's RPS requirements to 5,880 MW by 2015, of which, 500 MW should come from non-wind resources. The bill sets a target of 10,000 MW of renewable energy capacity for 2025, which was achieved 15 years earlier, in 2010.
According to DSIRE.org, "In 1999 the Texas Public Utilities Commission (PUCT) adopted the rules for the state Renewable Energy Mandate, set renewable portfolio standards (RPS), renewable energy trade programs (REC), and renewable energy requirements for competent retailers in Texas, the 1999 Standard requested 2,000 megawatts (MW) of new renewable energy to be installed in Texas in 2009, in addition to the 880 MW of renewable energy generation that existed at the time.In August 2005, SB 20 increased its renewable energy mandate to 5,880 MW by 2015 (about 5% of the country's electricity demand), including a target of 500 MW renewable energy capacity from non wind resources The winds contribute almost all of the current generation renewable energy in Texas The legislation of 2005 also set a target of reaching 10,000 MW renewable energy capacity by 2025.
The required renewable energy capacity schedule and appropriate compliance date are as follows:
- 2,280 MW before 1/1/2007
- 3,272 MW by 1/1/2009
- 4,264 MW by 1/1/2011
- 5,256 MW before 1/1/2013
- 5,880 MW before 1/1/2015
Eligible renewable energy sources include solar, wind, geothermal, hydroelectric, wave or tidal energy, biomass, or biomass-based waste products, including landfill gas. Eligible systems are installed after September 1999. The RPS applies to all utilities owned by investors. City utilities and cooperatives can voluntarily choose to offer customer choices.
PUCT established a renewable energy credit trading program (REC) that began in July 2001 and will continue through 2019. Under the PUCT regulations, one REC represents a generated and measured megawatt-hour (MWh) of renewable energy in Texas. The capacity conversion factor (CCF) is used to convert MW goals into MWh requirements for each retailer in a competitive market. The CCF was originally administratively set at 35% for the first two years of compliance, but is now based on the actual performance of the resources in the REC-trading program for the previous two years. For 2010 and 2011 CCF will be 30.5%. "Every retailer in Texas is allocated part of the mandate based on the average retail retail share of energy sales across the state.The program administrator maintains the REC account for program participants to track production, sales, transfers, purchases, and pensions from Rek, Credits can be stacked for three years, and all renewal additions have at least 10 credit years to recover costs outside the market. $ 50 per MWh administrative penalty has been set up for providers that do not meet RPS requirements.
Next development
An energy storage system is being developed for West Texas. This system allows excess wind energy to be stored, making wind energy more predictable and less variable. This 36 MW battery facility starts operating in December 2012.
The development of Tres Amigas HVDC relationships to Western networks and East grids will allow more flexibility in importing and exporting power to and from Texas.
A 300 MW offshore wind farm is planned for Galveston, and 2,100 MW for the Texas Gulf Coast. Making a turbine capable of evaporating quickly will make them more able to survive the storm.
Statistics
Source:
See also
References
External links
- Compressed air storage
- Actual and predictable wind power
- Wind Power Helps Texas Move the Last Oil
- Texas oil tycoons plan the largest wind farm
- The wind power experts say that the Texas network needs work
- Wind energy in Texas - Reason for success
- Head, Christopher (February 9, 2011). "Curious Case of Texas Wind Industry". Collective Energy . Retrieved 2011-02-10 .
- Every wind farm in Texas @ The Wind Power
- ERCOT Estimating and Production of Actual Wind Power
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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