wild horses ( Equus ferus ) is a species of the genus Equus , which belongs to a subset of modern benign horses ( Equus ferus and also undomesticated tarpan ( Equus ferus ferus , now extinct), and the endangered Przewalski horse ( Equus ferus przewalskii ).The Przewalski's horse has reached the brink of extinction but successfully reintroduced into the wild. tarpan became extinct in the 19th century, though it may be the ancestor of a domestic horse, it explored the Eurasian steppe at the time of domestication, but another subspecies of Equus ferrari may have existed and may have been the stock of the lowered pet horse Since the extinction of tarpan, attempts have been made to reconstruct its phenotype, producing horse breeds like Konik and Heck horses, but the genetic makeup and bloodstocks of these breeds are substantially derived from pet pets, so these breeds have pet traits.
The term "wild horse" is also used daily in references to free-range roaming wild horses like mustang in the United States, brumby in Australia, and many others. These wild horses are the wild members of the domestic horse subspecies ( Equus ferus caballus ), not to be confused with the subspecies of truly "wild" horses still existing up to the modern age.
Video Wild horse
Subspecies and history
E. ferus has several subspecies. Three survivors to modern times:
- Domestic horses ( Equus ferus caballus ).
- Tarpan or Eurasian wild horses ( Equus ferus ferus ), formerly of European and Western Asian origin, became extinct in the late 19th century, and the last specimens died in captivity at the plantation in Poltava Governorate , The Russian Empire, in 1909.
- The Przewalski Horse ( Equus ferus przewalskii ), also known as Mongolian wild horse or Takhi, is from Central Asia and the Gobi Desert.
The last two are the only "wild" groups that have never been cultivated that survive until the historic period. However, another subspecies of Equus ferus may already exist and may be the stock of the lowered pet horse.
Przewalski Horse
The Przewalski horse occupied the eastern Eurasian Stepa, probably from the Urals to Mongolia, although the ancient frontier between the distribution of tarpan and Przewalski has not been clearly defined. The Przewalski horse was confined to Dzungaria and western Mongolia during the same period, and became extinct in the wild during the 1960s, but was reintroduced in the late 1980s into two preservatives in Mongolia. Although researchers like Marija Gimbutas theorized that the horse of the Chalcolithic period is Przewalski's, the latest genetic studies show that Przewalski's horse is not an ancestor to modern pet horse.
The Przewalski horse is still found today, though it is an endangered species and is temporarily considered extinct in the wild. Approximately 2000 Przewalski horses are in zoos around the world. Small breeding populations have been reintroduced in Mongolia. In 2005, a collaborative effort between the Zoological Society of London and Mongolian scientists has produced a population of 248 animals in the wild.
The Przewalski horse has some biological differences from domestic horses; unlike pet horses and tarpan, both of which have 64 chromosomes, the Przewalski horse has 66 chromosomes due to the Robertsonian translocation. However, the descendants of Przewalski and the fertile domestic horse, has 65 chromosomes.
Maps Wild horse
Evolution and taxonomy
The Equidae horse family and the Equus genus evolved in North America, before the species moved to the Eastern Hemisphere. Studies using ancient DNA, as well as DNA from recent individuals, show the existence of two closely related horse species in North America, wild horses and Equus francisci, the "New-World Horse"; the latter is taxonomically given to various names.
Currently, three subspecies that live as long as human history records are recognized. One subspecies is a widespread domestic horse (Equus ferus caballus), as well as two wild subspecies: the recently expired tarpan ( EF Ferus ) and the endangered Przewalski horse (< i> E. f. przewalskii ).
Genetically, pre-domestication horses, E. f. ferus , and pet horse, E. f. caballus , forming a single homogeneous clade (clade) and genetically indistinguishable from one another. The genetic variation in this clade shows only limited regional variation, with the exception of the Przewalski horse. The Przewalski horse has several unique genetic differences that distinguish it from other subspecies, including 66 instead of 64 chromosomes, unique Y-chromosome gene chromosomes, and unique mtDNA haplotype.
In addition to the genetic differences, the osteological evidence of the entire range of Eurasian wild horses, based on differences in skull and metacarpal, suggests the existence of only two subspecies in postglacial time, tarpan and Przewalski horses.
The scientific naming of the species
Today, pet and wild horses are regarded as a single species, with a valid scientific name for the horse species that is Equus ferus. The wild tarpan subspecies are E. f. ferus , the Przewalski horse is E. f. przewalskii , and the pet horse is E. f. caballus . The rules for the scientific naming of animal species are specified in the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, which stipulates that the oldest valid scientific name available is used for species names. Previously, when the taxonomist considered a pet horse and wild two subspecies of the same species, the valid scientific name was Equus caballus Linnaeus 1758, with a subspecies labeled E. c. caballus (pet horse), E. c. ferus Boddaert, 1785 (tarpan) and E. c. przewalskii Poliakov, 1881 (Przewalski Horse). However, in 2003, the International Commission for Nomography of Zoology ruled that the scientific name of wild species has priority over the scientific name of pet species, thus requiring the use of Equus ferrs for horses, independent of the position of the pet horse.
Wild horses
Horses that live in a wild state but have a domesticated ancestor are not really "wild" horses; they are wild horses. For example, when Spain reintroduced horses to America, beginning in the late 15th century, several horses fled, forming wild flocks; the most famous is Mustang. Similarly, brumby is derived from stray horses or released in Australia by British settlers. Populations isolated from wild horses occur in a number of places, including Portugal, Scotland, New Zealand and a number of barrier islands along the Atlantic coast of North America from Sable Island off Nova Scotia, to Cumberland Island, off the coast of Georgia. Although these are often referred to as "wild" horses, they are not really "wild" in a biological sense because they have no cultivated ancestors.
In 1995, British and French explorers discovered a new horse population in the Riwoche Valley in Tibet, which is not known around the world, but appears to be used by local Khamba people. It is thought that Riwoche's horse may be a wild deer population, but the tests do not reveal genetic differences to pets, which are consistent with news reports indicating that they are used as pets and riding by local villagers. These horses stand only 12 hands (48 inches, 122 cm) tall and are said to resemble the image known as "horse no 2" which is depicted in a cave painting next to a picture of Przewalski's horse.
See also
- Horse behavior
References
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Bibliography
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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