The Trojan Horse is a story of the Trojan War about the excuses that the Greeks used to enter Troy's independent city and win the war. In the canonical version, after a ten-year siege without results, the Greeks built a large wooden horse, and hid the select power of the people in it. The Greeks pretended to sail, and the Trojans pulled horses into their city as trophies of victory. That night Greek troops crawled out of horses and opened the gates for the rest of the Greek army, which had sailed back under the protection of the night. The Greeks entered and destroyed the city of Troy, ending the war.
Metaphorically, "Trojan Horse" means a trick or trick that causes the target to invade the enemy inside the fort or the secured place safely. The malicious computer program that tricks users into running it voluntarily is also called "Trojan horse" or simply "Trojan".
The main ancient source for this story is Aeneid from Virgil, a Latin epic poem from the time of Augustus. This event is also mentioned in Homer Odyssey . In the Greek tradition, the horse called "wooden horse" (?????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????? i> 8,512); ??????????, doureios hippos in Attic Greek).
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According to Quintus Smyrnaeus, Odysseus thinks of building a large wooden horse (the horse that symbolizes Troy), hides the elite power within it, and deceives the Trojans to push the horse into the city as a trophy. Under the leadership of Epeius, the Greeks built a wooden horse in three days. Odysseus's plan asks one person to remain outside the horse; he would act as if the Greeks had abandoned him, leaving the horse as a gift to the Trojans. An inscription engraved on horse reading: "For their return, the Greeks dedicate this offer to Athena". Then they set fire to their tent and went to Tenedos at night. The Greek soldier Sinon was "abandoned", and signaled to the Greeks by turning on the flare. In Virgil's poem, Sinon, the only volunteer for the role, succeeds in convincing the Trojans that he has been abandoned and that the Greeks are gone. Sinon tells the Trojans that the Horse is a sacrifice for the goddess Athena, intended to atone for her previous harassment at her temple in Troy by the Greeks, and ensure a safe return journey for the Greek fleet. Sinon tells the Trojans that the Horse was built too big for them to take him to their city and get Athena's support for themselves.
When questioning Sinon, Trojan prelate LaocoÃÆ'¶n guesses the plot and warns the Trojans, in the famous line of Virgil Timeo Danaos et dona ferentes ("I'm afraid of the Greeks, even those who bring gifts"), Danai ( acc Danaos ) or Danaan (Homer's name for the Greeks) are the ones who have built the Trojan Horse. However, God Poseidon sent two sea serpents to strangle him and his sons, Antiphantes and Thymbraeus before the Trojans noticed his warning. According to Apollodorus the two snakes were sent by Apollo, whom Laocoon abandoned by sleeping with his wife in front of the "divine image". In Homer, Homer says that Helen of Troy also guesses the plot and tries to trick and uncover the Greek soldiers inside the horse by imitating the voice of their wife, and Anticlus tries to answer, but Odysseus puts his mouth to his mouth. Princess of Priam Priest, Cassandra, fortune teller Troy, insisted that the horse would be the fall of the city and its royal family. He was also ignored, because it was disastrous and lost war.
This event is mentioned in Odyssey :
- What is this, too, that the mighty man is wrought and held on a carved horse, where all the chiefs of the Argives are sitting, leading to the death and fate of the Trojans! 4,271 ff But come now, change your theme, and sing the wooden horse building, made by Epeius with Athena's help, the horse that Odysseus once climbed into the fort as a trick, when he has filled it with people who fire Ilion. 8.492-3 ff (trans. Samuel Butler)
The most detailed and most familiar version is in Virgil Aeneid , Book II (trans. A. S. Kline).
- Over the years, the Greek leaders,
- opposed by Fate, and marred by war,
- build horse with mountain size, through art divine Pallas,
- and weave the fir on the rib:
- they pretend it was a votive offering: this rumor spread.
They secretly hide many men, chosen by many, there, inside the dark body, filling the stomach and big - the inside of the cave with the armed soldiers.
- [...]
- Then LaocoÃÆ'¶n hurries down from the height
- from the castle, to face them all, big crowd with him,
- and shouted from afar: "O unhappy citizen, what madness? Site
- Do you think the enemy sailed away? Or do you think it is
- every Greek gift free from treason? Is that Ulysses reputation?
- Whether there are Greeks hiding, hidden by wood,
- or have been built as a machine to use against our wall,
- or spying on our homes, or falling in the city from above,
- or hide some other tricks: Trojans, do not trust this horse.
Book II includes LaocoÃÆ'¶n says: " Equo ne credite, Teucri, Quidquid id est, timeo Danaos et dona ferentes. " ("Do not believe horses, Trojans! Whatever it is, I fear the Greeks, even bringing gifts. ")
Long before Virgil, the story is also alluded to in Greek classical literature. In the Euripides Trojan Women drama, written in 415 BC, the god Poseidon states: "Because, from his home under Parnassus, Phocian Epeus, aided by Pallas crafts, framed a horse to bear in the womb of the host armed, and sent him into a castle, filled with death, from which in the future people will tell of a 'wooden horse,' with the burden of a hidden soldier. "
Men in horses
Thirty of Achaia's best soldiers hide in the belly of Trojan's horse and two spies in her mouth. Other sources give different numbers: The Bibliotheca 50; Tzetzes 23; and Quintus Smyrnaeus named 30, but said there were more. In the final tradition the number is standardized at 40. Their names follow:
Maps Trojan Horse
Factual explanation
There has been speculation that Trojan Horse might be a battering herb or similar siege engine resembling, to some extent, a horse, and that the descriptions of the use of these devices were later transformed into myth by later oral historians who were absent in combat and unaware of the meaning of the name. The Assyrians used a siege machine with the names of animals, often covered with moistened horse skins to protect against the flaming arrows; Trojan Horse might be like that. Pausanias, who lived in the 2nd century, wrote in his book Greek Description "That Epeius's work is a tool for making offenses on the wall of Trojans is known by all who do not utter the absurdity attribute to the Phrygian" where, by Phrygians, he means Trojan.
Some authors state that the prize may also be a ship, with a soldier hidden in it. It has been noted that the term used to place men on horses was used by ancient Greek writers when describing male embarkation on ships, and that there was an analogy between the construction of ships by Paris at the beginning of the Trojan saga. and the construction of horses at the end; the ship is called "seahorse" once in Odyssey. This view has recently received support from naval archeology: ancient texts and images show that the Phoenician merchant ship type decorated with a horse's head, called the hippopotamus by the Greeks, in the Levant area around the beginning of the first millennium BC, used to trade precious metals, and sometimes to pay tribute after the end of the war; It is therefore suggested that the original story saw the Greek soldiers hiding in such hulls, perhaps disguised as a tribute, and that at one time the term was misunderstood in the oral transmission of the story, giving the origin of the Trojan horse myth.
A more speculative theory, originally proposed by Fritz Schachermeyr, states that the Trojan Horse is a metaphor for destructive earthquakes that destroy Wall's walls and allow the Greeks to enter. In this theory, the horse represents Poseidon, who is also a god of the sea also a god of horses and earthquakes. This theory is supported by the fact that archaeological excavations have found that Troy VI was heavily damaged in an earthquake, but it is difficult to quantify with the mythological claims that Poseidon built the walls of Troy in the first place.
Ancient depictions
The pictorial depiction of Trojan Horse earlier than, or contemporary, the first literary appearance of the episode can help clarify what the story means as perceived by its contemporary audience. There are some ancient depictions of the surviving Trojan Horse (before 480 BC). The earliest is on the Boeotian fibula dating from around 700 BC. The other two are in relief spikes from adjacent Grecian Islands, Mykonos and Tinos, both commonly dated between 675 and 650 BC, originating from Mykonos (see picture) known as Mykonos Vase. (The historian Michael Wood, however, dates Vas Mykonos to the 8th century BC, about 500 years after the war, but before a written account attributed to the tradition for Homer, Wood concludes from evidence that the story of the Horse Trojan existed before the accounts written.). Another ancient representation of the Trojan horse is found in the corintis aryballos dating from 560 BC (see figure), on vase fragments up to 540 BC (see figure), and on the Etruscan carnival scarabian.
Note
External links
- Media related to Trojan horse on Wikimedia Commons
- news-service.stanford.edu
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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