Male pregnancy is the incubation of one or more embryos or fetuses by male members of several species. Most species that reproduce with heterogamous-female sexual reproduction produce larger gametes (ova) and males produce smaller gametes (sperm). In almost all animal species, the offspring are carried by females to birth, but in fish from the family Syngnathidae (pipefish, seahorse and seadragon), males perform this function. Male male fetal incubation is the subject of popular imagination and recurrent themes in speculative fiction. In some very rare genetic conditions, male genotypes develop as women and have the anatomy necessary for pregnancy, these intersex women have brought the fetus to term and give birth. Trans men may become pregnant after women-to-male HRT provided they have not had a hysterectomy. In the absence of uterine transplantation, appropriate cases of ectopic pregnancy in women provide a potential model for successful pregnancy in men, but any such attempt would be very dangerous for the father and fetus.
Video Male pregnancy
Non-human animals
The family of the Syngnathidae fish has a unique characteristic of a very high form of parental care called "male pregnancy". The family is very diverse, containing about 300 different species of fish. Included in Syngnathidae is a seahorse, pipefish, and lean and leafy seadragons. Men of some species have a parent pouch on the trunk or tail; in other species, the egg is attached only to the male stem or tail when the female puts it. Although the biologists' definition of pregnancy is somewhat different, all family members are considered by ichthyologists to display male pregnancies, even those without external pockets.
Fertilization may occur in bags or in water before implantation, but in both cases, male pregnancy syngnathids ensure they have full confidence from the father. After implantation in or in the parent pouch or pondering, the males incubate the eggs. Many species osmoregulate the parent bag fluid to maintain the right pH for developing embryos. At least in some species, males also provide offspring with nutrients such as glucose and amino acids through the site of the attachment which is deeply divided within or on its body.
This incubation period may take longer than the production of other egg clutches by females, especially in temperate regions where pregnancy lasts longer, leading to a reproductive environment where sexual selection can be stronger in women than in males because of increased male- men. investment parents. Interestingly, this traditional sex role reversal is found only in pipefishes, whereas most seahorses have been accepted as monogamy. Some species of pipefish feature classic polyester because of this unique situation. Male syngnathids usually prefer women with large body size and leading ornaments such as blue skin pigmentation or skin folds. Interestingly, syngnathid men in some species seem to be able to absorb eggs or embryos while in the parent pouch. In this case, the highest survival embryos are those whose mothers show the preferred phenotype.
Syngnathidae is the only family in the animal kingdom where the term "male pregnancy" has been applied.
Maps Male pregnancy
Man
Ectopic Implantation
Men do not naturally have a womb to bear children. The theoretical issue of ectopic pregnancy of men (pregnancy outside the uterine cavity) by surgical implantation has been addressed by experts in the field of fertility drugs, who emphasize that the concept of ectopic implantation, while theoretically plausible, is never tried and will be difficult to justify - even for women who have no uterus - because of extreme health risks for parents and children.
Robert Winston, an in-vitro fertilization pioneer, told the London Sunday Times that "male pregnancy would be possible" by having an embryo planted in a man's abdomen - with a placenta attached to internal organs such as the intestine - and then delivered surgically. Implantation of orthopic embryo along the abdominal wall, and the resulting placental growth, however, would be very dangerous and potentially fatal for the host, and therefore impossible to study in humans. Gillian Lockwood, medical director of Midland Fertility Services, a UK fertility clinic, notes that the stomach is not designed to separate from the placenta during labor, hence the ectopic pregnancy. "The question is not 'Can a man do it? ' " says bioethicist Glenn McGee. "This 'If a man has successful [ectopic] pregnancy, can he survive? ' "
Since 2000, some deceptive websites have appeared on the Internet that are meant to depict the world's first pregnant man. Although sometimes relying on legitimate scientific claims, in fact, no such experiment has ever been reported. The fertility clinic Cecil Jacobson claimed to have transplanted the fertilized egg from the female babe to the omentum in the male abdominal cavity in the mid-1960s, which then carried the fetus for four months; However, Jacobson did not publish his claim in a scientific journal, and was later found guilty of some unrelated fraud due to an ethical error.
Uterine transplant
Unlike ectopic pregnancy that puts the fetus and dad in jeopardy, a male transplanted uterus, if successful, will provide both fetal and father protection and eliminate many dangers to both. Due to ethical issues, the current criterion for male bar transplantation of the uterus as a candidate.
According to Karine Chung, director of the fertility preservation program at the University of Southern California's Keck School of Medicine, transplanting the uterus into a human male would not be much different from moving one to a female as, "The male and female anatomy is not that different." The uterus should be donated by a donor who are willing or in-tissues using male stem cells and then implanted into the pelvic area. Thereafter, standard in vitro fertilization (IVF) procedures will be followed to enter the fetus into the newly formed male uterus.
Uterine transplantation was performed in Saudi Arabia in 2000, from one woman to another, but did not result in pregnancy. This advancement drew speculation about the possibility of a man receiving a uterine transplant, and carrying a child from a transplanted uterus.
Intersex People
Certain sexual development disorders in karyotpical men (46, XY) cause the paramesonephric ducts to develop into the MÃÆ'¼llerian structure necessary for pregnancy, as in women. While exposed intersex women are infertile (not producing gametes), they may succeed in carrying and delivering pregnancy with assisted reproductive technology (ART). There are individual cases documented with dominant XY mosaics that are naturally pregnant, including someone with Xy karyotype and 96% ovotestes (true hermaphroditism). There have been reported cases of an XY-dominant woman who had regular menstruation, two natural pregnancies, and childbirth.
Transgender men
Some transgender men can get pregnant. It is possible for transgender men who have experienced female puberty (not taken blockers) and maintain a functioning ovaries and uterus even after physically transitioning to men with HRT. While prior use of testosterone does not preclude pregnancy, it should temporarily stop before conception and during pregnancy to ensure a healthy outcome.
The fetus in the fetus
The fetus in the fetus, though not the actual pregnancy, is a very rare condition in which many fetal-like tissues form inside the body. This is a developmental disorder in which the fertilized egg splits apart as if it were an identical twin, but one half becomes encased by another, and the whole living organ system with body and limbs can develop within the host. This disorder occurs in 1 in 500,000 live births in humans.
The case of Sanju Bhagat, also known as Sanjay Kumar, a man from Nagpur, India, drew attention in 1999 for a long period of time (36 years) he brought his parasitic twin into his body, and the size of his growth. Since Bhagat has no placenta, its growth is directly connected to its blood supply. In a very unusual case, a 2-year-old boy pregnant with his parasitic sister in his stomach who feeds him like a normal fetus will eat his mother. The boy needed a cesarean section. It is almost impossible for the fetus to survive this process because it is less developed.
Popular culture
Thematically, pregnancy can be the same as parasitism and gender issues. Some science fiction writers have raised these issues, in the theme of "cross-gender" - for example, Octavia E. Butler Bloodchild and Other Stories . Ursula K. Le Guin's novel The Left Hand of Darkness contains the phrase "The king is pregnant", and explores a society where pregnancy can be experienced by anyone, since individuals are not sexually differentiated for the most part their lives and could be able to do insemination or gestating at different times. Lois McMaster Bujold's Ethan of Athos showcases the male community all where men use an artificial uterus, but undergoes many psychological effects of pregnancy (anticipation, anxiety, etc.). In the feminist utopian novel Marge Piercy, Women at the End of Time, both men and pregnant women, leave it to an artificial uterus, but both sexes can breastfeed and breastfeed babies; special experiences of pregnant and lactating women are opened for men in the cause of gender equality. The 1969 essay of Larry Niven Man of Steel, Woman of Kleenex ends by considering Superman as the bearer for her own baby, because the difficulties a human woman may encounter carry a very strong fetus.
The concept of male pregnancy has been the subject of popular film, generally as a comedy device. The 1978 comedy Rabbit Test starred Billy Crystal as a young man who somehow became pregnant, not his female sex partner. TV comedy drama BBC 1990 Baby Frankenstein featuring Dr. Eva Frankenstein who helps male patients to become the first pregnant man in the world. The 1994 science fiction comedy/drama Junior starring Arnold Schwarzenegger as a fertility experimenter who experimented on himself; the scenario was inspired by the 1985 article in Omni magazine.
This concept often appears as a comedy joke in film and television programs. In the 1979 Monty Python movie Life of Brian, there is a political satire scene in which the character demands that everyone has "the right to have a baby if he wants it," which is ridiculed as impossible. In the fictional science comedy series BBC Red Dwarf, the main character, Lister, became pregnant after having sex with a female version of herself in an alternate universe. In an episode of Slider , the quartet "slides" into an alternative world where babies thrive during their final months in dad because diseases around the world have made women from being able to bring children beyond their first trimester. In the fifth season of fantasy's popular fantasy season, during the wrong dream spell, Leo ends up pregnant with a Piper baby for many episodes, leading to him referring to him as an 'incubator' And sometimes scolding him for 'interrupting baby '.
The possibility of extraterrestrial life that has different reproductive sexuality is the basis for many references. In the episode of "Star Trek: Enterprise " Unexpected ", Trip Tucker became pregnant with the offspring of a woman of another species. In the video game of The Sims 2 male characters can be impregnated through fraudulent code or alien abduction. In the episode of American Dad! "Deacon Stan, Jesus Man", Steve's boy was impregnated after giving mouth-to-mouth resuscitation to the living Roger in space, then unwittingly passing it on to his girlfriend through a kiss. In the Futurama animated series, Kif space can be impregnated with touch. In the SciFi Channel miniseries, Farscape: The Peacekeeper Wars , Rygel ekstraterestrial becomes infused with human baby John and Aeryn. In the series Alien Nation , when the main character of Tecton George Francisco and his wife Susan decided to have a third child, it was revealed that, to conceive, the Tectonese couple needed a third party, called binnaum to complete the impregnation, and that the man carrying the baby - wrapped up in a pod - during the final months of pregnancy. In Ren & amp; Stimpy "Adult Party Cartoon" episode "Stimpy Pregnant" featuring the pregnant Stimpy but Mr. The horse knows that he is actually constipated. In the Fairly OddParents animated series in the Fairly OddBaby TV series, Cosmo's baby is pregnant Baby Poof. In the episode of Ben 10: Alien Force Save the Last Dance, it was revealed that Necrofriggians have the ability to reproduce sexually every 80 years: build a large nest which is made of digested metal, where their eggs will hatch, then their children eat from metal and will first eat from the nest, before they will instinctively eat the solar plasma until they mature and start their own life separate. Due to the reproductive cycle of Necrofriggian, Big Chill takes over Ben's personality to perform the process, but Ben does not remember anything he did as Big Chill during this cycle, as he eats metal and has 14 babies, and feels very embarrassed when Gwen, Kevin and Julie explaining, and teasing Kevin and calling her "mom" does not help. In the episode of The Three Stooges "Even while IOU" Curly accidentally swallowed a Vitamin Z pill meant for a horse. However, the error allowed Curly to give birth to Equidae, which became the crown of Stooges as a race-winning horse.
Virgil Wong, a performing artist, created a hoax site featuring a fictitious male pregnancy, claiming the details of his friend Lee Mingwei's pregnancy.
Male pregnancies are also often explored in slash fiction (homosexuals), usually based on fantasy series like Supernatural or Harry Potter .
See also
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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