Horse Racing is an equestrian sport, usually involving two or more horses ridden by a jockey (or sometimes driven without a rider) at a specified distance for the competition. It is one of the most ancient of all sports, as the basic premise - to identify which of the two or more horses is the fastest above a set of course or distance - unchanged since at least the ancient classic.
Horse races vary widely in format and many countries have developed their own traditions around the sport. Variations include restricting races to specific breeds, running above obstacles, running over different distances, running on different track surfaces and running under different conditions.
While horses sometimes ran purely for sport, the main part of racetrack interest and economic interest was in gambling associated with it, an activity that in 2008 produced a world market worth approximately US $ 115 billion.
Video Horse racing
History
Horse racing has a long and distinguished history and has been practiced in civilizations around the world since ancient times. Archaeological records show that horse races occur in Ancient Greece, Babylon, Syria, and Egypt. It also plays an important part of myth and legend, such as the contest between the gods Odin mount and the Hrungnir giant in Norse mythology.
Chariot racing is one of the most popular Greek, Roman, and Byzantine sports. Both horse carts and horse racing are events in the ancient Greek Olympics by 648 BC and are important in other Panhellenic Olympics. This is despite the fact that racecars are often dangerous for drivers and horses because they often suffer serious injuries and even death. In the Roman Empire, horse and horse racing were major industries, and from the mid-15th century until 1882, the spring carnival in Rome was closed with horse races. Fifteen to 20 unmanned horses, originally imported from North Africa's Barbari Beach, stretch along Via del Corso, a long, straight road, about 2 and a half minutes.
Later, Thoroughbred racing became, and remains, popular with the nobility and nobility of British society, earning the title "Sport of Kings".
Historically, equestrians hone their skills through games and races. Horseback riding entertained the crowd and honed the much needed horseback riding skills in combat. Horse races of all kinds evolved from impromptu competition between riders or drivers. The various forms of competition, which demand the special skills of horses and riders, result in the systematic development of breeds and special equipment for each sport. The popularity of riding sports for centuries has resulted in the preservation of skills that should have disappeared after horses stopped being used in battle.
Maps Horse racing
Type of horse racing
There are many types of horse racing, including:
- Flat racing , where the horse ran directly between two points around a straight or oval track. Jumps racing , also known as Steeplechasing or, in the United Kingdom and Ireland, National Hunt Race , where horses race past obstacles.
- Take advantage of the race , in which the horse ran or paced while pulling the driver in a grim state.
- Endurance race , where horses travel across the country at great distances, typically ranging from 25 to 100 miles (40 to 161 km)
Different breeds of horses have developed that excel in each specific discipline. The breeds used for flat racing include Thoroughbred, Quarter Horse, Arabian, Paint, and Appaloosa. Jump race races include Thoroughbred and AQPS. In harness races, Standardbreds are used in Australia, New Zealand and North America, when in Europe, Russia and France Trotter are used with Standardbred. Cold horse lights, such as Finnhorses and Scandinavian coldblood trotter are also used in harness racing within their respective geographical areas.
There is also a pony race: flat racing and jumping and harness.
Racing flat
Flat racing is the most common form of racing seen in the world. Flat racing tracks are usually oval shaped and generally level, although in Great Britain and Ireland there are much larger variations, including figures from eight tracks such as Windsor and tracks with often severe gradients and camber changes, such as Epsom Racecourse. Surface trajectories vary, with the most common grass in Europe, dirt more common in North America and Asia, and newly designed synthetic surfaces, such as Polytrack or Tapeta, are seen on multiple tracks.
Individual flat races run at ranges ranging from 440 meters (400 m) to two and a half miles (4 km), with the most common distance between the five and twelve millimeters. Short races are commonly referred to as "sprints", while longer races are known as "routes" in the United States or "persisting races" in Europe. Although quick acceleration ("foot turn") is usually required to win both races, sprints are generally seen as a speed test, while long-distance racing is seen as a test of stamina. The world's most prestigious flat races, such as the Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe, the Melbourne Cup, the Japanese Cup, the Epsom Derby, the Kentucky Derby and the Dubai World Cup, run above the distance in the middle of this range and are seen as speed and stamina tests to the limit certain.
In the most prestigious races, horses are generally given equal weight to be brought for justice, with benefits given to younger horses and mares running against men. This race is called race conditions and offers the biggest purse. There is another category of race called a disability race in which each horse is given different weight to carry based on its ability. In addition to the weight they carry, horse performance can also be affected by positions relative to inner barriers (pos positions), gender, jockey, and training.
Jump race
Jump jumps (or jumps) in Great Britain and Ireland are known as National Hunt races (although, confusingly, National Hunt races also include a flat race that takes place at the jumps meeting, this is known as the hunt for flat National Hunt). Racing jumps can be subdivided into steep and hasty, according to the type and size of a skipped obstacle. The word "steeplechasing" can also refer collectively to all types of racing jumps in certain racing jurisdictions, especially in the United States.
Usually, horses move on to greater obstacles and longer distances as they get older, so the European horse jumps will tend to start in National Hunt hunting races as teenagers, move into obstacles after a year or so, and then, if the mind is capable, switch to steep.
Endurance race
The length of endurance race varies greatly. Some are very short, only ten miles, while others can be up to a hundred miles. There are several races that are even over a hundred miles and the last few days. Different racial lengths are divided into five categories: fun rides (10-20 miles), non-competitive rides (21-27 miles), competitive trail rides (20-45 miles), progressive trail rides (25-60 miles) ), and endurance (40-100 miles in a day, up to 250 miles (400 km) in a few days). Because each race is very long, a natural field path is commonly used.
Contemporary endurance races began in California around 1955, and the first race marked the start of the Tevis Cup. The race is a one-hundred mile journey, a long day starting in Squaw Valley, Placer County, and ending in Auburn. Established in 1972, the American Endurance Ride Conference is the first national defense vehicle association in the United States. The longest survival race in the world is Mongol Derby, which is 1,000 km (620 miles) long.
Breeds
In most horse races, entry is restricted to certain types; the horse must have a father (father) and a dam (mother) who is an individual approved by the studbook of any race that race. For example, in a normal armor race, horses and horse dams must both be of pure Standardbreds. The exception to this is in the Quarter Horse racing, where the Appendix Quarter Horse can be considered eligible to race against (quarter) of the Quarter Horses. The "Appendix" designation shall refer to the addendum section, or Appendix, of the Official Kingdom Quarter registry. Appendix Quarter Horse is a horse that has one parent Horse Quarters and one parent of another eligible breed (like Thoroughbred, the most common Appendix bar), two parents listed as Appendix Quarter Horses, or one parent which is a Horse Quarter and one parent who is an Appendix Quarter Horse. AQHA also issued a "Merit Race List," which allows the horse to race on the Quarter Horse track, but is not considered a Cruise Horse for breeding purposes (unless other requirements are met).
A stallion who won many races may be subject to a male when he retires. Artificial insemination and embryo transfer technologies (allowed on only a few breeds) have brought about changes in tradition and ease of breeding.
The pedigree is recorded in various books and websites, such as Stigion Weatherbys , Australian Storybook and Thoroughbred Heritage .
Thoroughbred
There are three founding men who all Thoroughbreds can trace back into the male line: Arab Darley, Arab Godolphin, and Byerly Turk, named after the respective owners of Thomas Darley, Lord Godolphin, and Captain Robert Byerly. They were taken to England, where they were married to horses from English and imported blood streams. Children's results are the first generation of Thoroughbreds, and all modern Thoroughbreds traces back to them. The height of the horse is high, which is measured in the hand (a four-inch hand). Some as small as 15 hands while others over 17. Horse racing can travel medium range at fast speed, which requires a balance between speed and endurance. Horse racing may be bay, black, dark/brown, brown, gray, roan, white or palomino. Artificial insemination, cloning and embryo transfer are not allowed in Thoroughbred breeds.
Arabian Horse
Arab horses are developed by Bedouin people in the Middle East especially for long distance stamina, so they can run faster than their enemies. It was not until 1725 that the Arabs were introduced to the United States. Arabs appeared in the United States in colonial times, although not raised as pure races until about the time of the Civil War. Until the establishment of the Arab American Horse Register in 1908, the Arabs were recorded with the Jockey Club in separate subsections of the Thoroughbreds.
Arabs should be able to survive long distance travel at medium speed. They have many Type I muscle fibers, allowing their muscles to work for long periods of time. Also, the muscles of the Arabs are not nearly as big as the Quarter Horse, allowing him to travel further distances at a faster pace. The Arabs are mainly used today in endurance races, but also rode on top of traditional racing tracks in many countries.
The Arab Horse Race is governed by the Arab International Horse Racing Federation.
Horse Quarters
The ancestors of the Quarter Horse were found in America in the early 17th century. These horses are a mixture of colonial Spanish horses crossed with English horses brought in the 1700s. Original horses and English horses grew up together, producing a compact and muscular horse. At this time, they are mainly used for tasks such as plowing and livestock work. The American Quarter Horse was not recognized as an official breed until the establishment of the American Quarter Horse Association in 1940.
In order to succeed in racing, the Quarter Horse must be able to push itself forward at the speed of the sprinter very quickly. The Quarter Horse has a back leg muscle that is much larger than the Arabs, which makes it less suitable for endurance racing. It also has more muscle fibers of type II-b, allowing the Quarter Horse to accelerate quickly.
When the Quarter Horse race begins, it is very expensive to spend a full mile on the track so it is agreed that a four hundred meter straight line, or a quarter mile, will be put in place instead. It became the standard racing distance for the Quarter Horse and inspired their names. With the exception of the longer 870 yard (800 m) distance contest, the Quarter Horse race runs flat, with horses running at high speed for the duration. There is less fighting position, because turns are rare, and many races end up with some contestants grouped together on wire. The surface of the track is similar to Thoroughbred racing and usually consists of dirt.
In addition to the three major racing races above and their cross, horse racing can be performed using a variety of other races: Appaloosa, American Paint Horse, mules, Selle FranÃÆ'§ais, AQPS, and Korean Jeju.
Horse and muscle structure
Muscle is a collection of contractile fibers attached to the bone by the tendon. These bundles have different types of fiber in them, and the horses have adapted for years to produce different amounts of these fibers. The type II-b fiber is a fast twitching fiber. These fibers allow the muscles to contract rapidly, producing much strength and speed. Type I fiber is a slow-twitching fiber. They allow the muscles to work for longer periods of time resulting in greater endurance. Type II-a fiber is intermediate, representing a balance between fast-twitching fibers and slow-twitching fibers. They allow the muscles to produce speed and endurance. Type I muscle fibers are adjusted for aerobic exercise and depend on the presence of oxygen. Type II muscle is required for anaerobic exercise because they can function in the absence of oxygen. The great horses have more II-type muscle fibers than the Quarter Horse or Arabic. This type of fiber allows them to push themselves forward at high speed and keep them for long distances.
Training
The conditioning program for different horses varies depending on the length of the race. Genetics, training, age, and bone health are all factors that contribute to horse performance. The structure of the muscle and the type of horse fiber depends on its type; Therefore, genetics should be considered when building a conditioning plan. The horse fitness plan should be coordinated properly to prevent injury or lameness. If this happens, they can negatively affect the willingness of the horse to learn. A fast run is perfect for training a two-year-old racehorse, but the numbers are limited by psychological as well as physical factors. The horse frame system adapts to the training it receives. Because the skeletal system does not reach full maturity until horses are at least four years old, race horses often suffer injuries.
Horse race by continent
North America
United States
In the United States, the above flat races are run on soil, synthetic or grass. Other tracks offer Quarter Horse racing and Standardbred racing, on a combination of all three types of racing surfaces. Other race races, such as Arabian horse racing, are found to be limited. American Thoroughbred races are run at various distances, most often from 5 to 12 furlongs (0.63 to 1.50 mi; 1.0-2.4 km); With this in mind, the Thoroughbred race breeder seeks to breed a superior horse at some distance (see dose index).
The horse race in the United States and in the North American continent dates back to 1665, which saw the formation of a Newmarket course in Salisbury, New York, part of what is now known as the Hempstead plains of Long Island, New York. The first racing meeting in North America was overseen by New York's colonial governor, Richard Nicolls. This area is now occupied by Nassau County, New York, the Greater Westbury region and the current East Garden City. The South Westbury section is still known as Salisbury.
The first record of the quarter-mile long race dates back to 1674 in Henrico County, Virginia. Each race consists of only two horses, and they run down the village streets and lanes. The Quarter Horse received his name from the length of the race.
The American Stud Book began in 1868, prompting the commencement of organized horse racing in the United States. There are 314 tracks operating in the United States in 1890; and in 1894, the American Jockey Club was formed.
The Pleasanton Fairgrounds Racetrack at Alameda County Fairgrounds is the oldest horse racing track left in America, since 1858, when it was founded by Spanish sons Don Agustin Bernal.
Belmont Park is located on the west bank of the Hempstead plain. The main track of one half of it is the largest Thoroughbred racetrack in the world, and has the world's largest sports tribune.
One of the latest major horse tracks that opened in the United States is the Meadowlands Horse Racing, opened in 1977 for Thoroughbred racing. This is the home of the Meadowlands Cup. Other more recently opened tracks include Remington Park, Oklahoma City, opened in 1988, and Lone Star Park in the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex, opened in 1997; the final track hosted the prestigious Breeders' Cup series in 2004.
Horse racing in the United States has a Hall of Fame in Saratoga Springs, New York. Hall of Fame honors horses, jockeys, owners, and tremendous coaches.
The traditional high point of US horse racing is the Kentucky Derby, which was held on the first Saturday of May at Churchill Downs in Louisville, Kentucky. Together, Derby; Pitchness Pitchness, held two weeks later at the Pimlico Race Course in Baltimore, Maryland; and Belmont Stakes, held three weeks after Preakness at Belmont Park on Long Island, formed the Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing for a three-year-old. They are all held at the beginning of the year, throughout May and early June. In recent years, the Breeders' Cup race, running at the end of the year, has challenged the Triple Crown event as a three-year winner. The Breeders' Cup is usually held on different lines every year; however, the 2010 and 2011 editions are held at Churchill Downs, and in 2012, 2013 and 2014 are held at Santa Anita Park. Keeneland, in Lexington, Kentucky, hosts the 2015 Breeders Cup.
The corresponding Standardbred event is Breeders Crown. There is also a Triple Crown of Harness Racing for Pacers and Triple Crown of Harness Racing for Trotters.
For Arabs, there is the Arab Triple Crown, which consists of the Wind Drinker of Derby in California, Texas Six Shooter Stakes, and Bob Magness Derby in Delaware.
American betting on horse racing is subject to sanctions and is governed by the state where the race is located. Simulcast bets are available throughout the state with minimum supervision except those involved through legitimate parimutuel gambling. A takeout, or "take," is removed from any set of bets and distributed according to state law, between state, race track and horseman. Various factors affect the takeout, the location and type of bet placed. One form of parimutuel game is Instant Racing, in which players are betting on video playback of the race.
Advanced Deposit Wagering is a form of gambling on the results of horse races where the bettor must fund his account before being allowed to place bets. ADW is often done online or by phone. Unlike ADW, credit shops allow bets without funding first; accounts completed at the end of the month. Owners of the racetrack, horse trainers, and state governments sometimes receive ADW income cuts.
Canada
Canada's most famous horse is generally considered the Northern Dancer, who after winning the Kentucky Derby, Preakness and Queen's Plate in 1964 then became the most successful, the Thalligred Sire in the 20th century; His two-minute derby was the fastest on record until the Secretariat in 1973. The only challenger for Canada's biggest horse title was his son, Nijinsky II, who was the last horse to win the Triple Crown of England. Woodbine Racetrack (1956) in Toronto is home to Queen's Plate (1860), Canada's premier Thoroughbred race, and North American (1984), Standardbred betting in Canada. It is the only North American race track to stage the Thoroughbred and Standardbred (harness) meetings on the same day. The Canadian International and Woodbine Mile (1981) are Canada's most important C-Class contests for C $ 1,000,000 each, and have been won by many famous horses like the Secretariat and Wise Dan. Other key races include Woodbine Oaks (1956), Prince of Wales Stakes (1929), Breeders' Stakes (1889) and Canadian Derby (1930).
Europe
Belgium
The Belgian race took place in three places - Hippodrome Wellington in Ostend (opened in 1883 in honor of Arthur Wellesley, Duke of Wellington first), Hippodroom Waregem at Waregem in Flanders and Hippodrome de Wallonie in Mons, Wallonia.
Czech Republic
There are 15 racetracks in the Czech Republic, notably Pardubice Racecourse, where the country's most famous race, Velka Pardubicka steeplechase, has been run since 1874. Since 1907 the race has also been held at the central racing arena in Prague, Velka Chuchle. However, the first official race was held in 1816 by Emperor Francis II near Kladruby nad Labem. The Czech horse race usually starts in early April and ends some time in November. The race takes place mostly on weekends and there is usually one meeting on Saturday and one Sunday. Horse races, as well as the Thoroughbred horse breeding, hosted by the Czech Republic's Jockey Club, founded in 1919.
French
France has a great horse racing industry. It is home to the famous Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe held at Longchamp Racecourse, Europe's richest race and the world's second richest grass race after the Japanese Cup, with prizes of 4 million Euros (about US $ 5.2 million). Other major races include the Grand Prix de Paris, the Prix du Jockey Club (Derby France) and the Prix de Diane. In addition to Longchamp, other major French horse races include Chantilly and Deauville. There is also a smaller but still important leap racing sector, with Auteil Racecourse being the most famous. The governing body of the sport is the French Galop.
United Kingdom
The horse race in the United Kingdom is dominated by horse racing and jumping. It was in England in the 17th-17th century that many rules and rules of sport were founded. Named after Edward Smith-Stanley, the 12th Earl of Derby, Derby was first run in 1780. The race served as the middle leg of the English Triple Crown, preceded by 2000 Guineas and followed by St. Leger. The name "Derby" has since become synonymous with many races around the world, and has therefore been borrowed many times in races abroad.
Grand National is the most prominent race in British culture, watched by many people who usually do not watch or bet on horse races at other times of the year. Many of the greatest sports jockeys, especially Sir Gordon Richards, are British. The sport is organized by the British Horseracing Authority. The BHA Authority did not extend to Northern Ireland; races in Ireland are governed by All-Ireland.
Greek
Despite having an ancient tradition with a well-documented history, all racetracks in Greece have ceased to operate due to the Greek government debt crisis.
Hungarian
Hungary has a long-established horse racing tradition. The first horse racing at Pest was recorded June 6, 1827. Although Hungarian racing is unpopular and not as prestigious as in Western Europe, the country is famous for producing a good international racehorses. The most important is Kincsem, who succeeded in 1874 and was the most successful Thoroughbred horse, having won 54 races in 54 starts. The country also produced Overdose, a horse that won its first 12 races, including group races in Germany and Italy, and finished fourth in Stand King at Royal Ascot.
ireland
Ireland has a rich history of horse racing; The point of pointing is there, and even today, racing jumps are more popular than racing in flats. As a result, every year Irish horse racing fans travel in large numbers to the peak events of the National Hunt calendar, the Cheltenham Festival, and in recent years Irish owned or bred horses have dominated the event. Ireland has a rapidly growing breeding industry, driven by good tax treatment. The world's largest Thoroughbred stud plantation, Coolmore Stud, has its main site there (in addition to major operations in the US and Australia).
In recent years, horses castrated and trained by Ireland have enjoyed great success in various races of the world. Various horses won in one or more than 2,000 British Guineas, Derbys and Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe, regarded as the three most prestigious races in Europe. In six runnings of Epsom Derby between 2008 and 2013, the Irish horse filled 20 of the first 30 placements, winning the race 5 times.
Italy
Historically, Italy has become one of the leading European horse racing countries, though some things behind Great Britain, Ireland and France in size and prestige. The final Italian horse rancher Federico Tesio is well known. In recent years, the sport in this country has experienced a major funding crisis, culminating in its dismissal of the European Pattern.
Dutch
At Wassenaar in The Hague there is a meadow in Duindigt.
Polish
The horse race in Poland can be dated 1777, when a horse owned by Polish nobleman Kazimierz Rzewuski defeated a horse from England chargÃÆ'Â © d'affaires, Sir Charles Whitworth, on the road from Wola to UjazdÃÆ'³w Castle. The first regular horse racing was held in 1841 at MokotÃÆ'³w Fields in Warsaw by Towarzystwo Wy? CigÃÆ'³w Konnych i Wystawy Zwierz? T Gospodarskich w KrÃÆ'³lestwie Polskim (in English, Society of Horse Racing in Congress Poland). The main racetrack in Poland is the Racecourse S? U? Ewiec Warsaw. The industry was very limited during the Communist era, when gambling, the main source of funding, was made illegal.
Oceania
Australia
The Australian horse race established during the early years of settlements and industry has evolved into one of the three leading Thoroughbred racing countries in the world. The world-famous Melbourne Cup, a race that stops a nation, has recently attracted many international entries. In state racing, records indicate that Goulburn started the race in 1834. Australia's first country racing club was founded in Wallabad in 1852 and the Wallabad Cup was still held on New Year's Day (horse races currently built in 1898).
In Australia, the most famous racehorse is Phar Lap (raised in New Zealand), which ran from 1928 to 1932. Phar Lap brought 9 st 12 lb (62.5 kg) to win the Melbourne 1930 Cup Australia's Crisp wins are remembered for its battle with Irish Red Rum champion at the 1973 Grand National. In 2003-2005 the Makybe Diva (grew up in Britain) became the only race horse to ever win the Melbourne Cup three times, let alone in a few years consecutive. In the harness race, Cane Smoke has 120 wins, including 34 in one season, Paleface Adios became a household name during the 1970s, while Cardigan Bay, a horse pacing from New Zealand, enjoyed great success at the highest level of American harness racing in the 1960s. Recently, Blacks A Fake has won four Inter Dominion Championships, making it the only horse to complete this achievement in the Australasia main harness race.
Competitive endurance began in Australia in 1966, when the Tom Quilty Gold Cup was first held in the Hawkesbury district, near Sydney, New South Wales. The Quilty Cup is considered a national endurance and now there are more than 100 contested endurance events in Australia, ranging within a distance of 80 km to 400 km. The longest survival trip in the world is the Shahzada Memorial Memorial 400 km conducted during a five-day trip of 80 kilometers a day at St Albans in Hawkesbury River, New South Wales. In all endurance events there is a rigorous veterinary examination, conducted before, during and after the competition, where the welfare of the horse is a major concern.
New Zealand
Racing is a sport that has long existed in New Zealand, stretching back to colonial times.
Horse racing is an important part of New Zealand's economy which in 2004 generated 1.3% of GDP. The indirect impact of spending on racing is estimated to have generated more than $ 1.4 billion in economic activity in 2004 and created 18,300 equivalent full-time jobs. More than 40,000 people were involved in some capacity in the New Zealand racing industry in 2004. In 2004, more than a million people attended racing meetings in New Zealand. There are 69 Thoroughbred clubs and 51 licensed harnesses in New Zealand. Racecourses is located in 59 locations throughout New Zealand.
The bloodstock industry is important for New Zealand, with horse export sales - mainly to Australia and Asia - generating more than $ 120 million annually. During the 2008-09 racing season, 19 New Zealand horses won 22 Group One races around the world.
Famous horse racing from New Zealand includes Cardigan Bay, Carbine, Nightmarch, Sunline, Desert Gold, and Rising Fast. Phar Lap and Tulloch grew up in New Zealand but did not race there. The most famous is probably Cardigan Bay. Stanley Dancer rode a New Zealand cultivated horse, Cardigan Bay to win $ 1 million bets in 1968, the first harness horse to surpass the historic milestone in American history.
Africa
Mauritius
On June 25, 1812, the Racecourse Champ de Mars was inaugurated by The Mauritius Turf Club, founded at the beginning of the same year by Colonel Edward A. Draper. Champ de Mars is located on a prestigious street in Port Louis, the capital and is the oldest racing arena in the southern hemisphere. Mauritius Turf Club is the third oldest grass club in the world.
Undeniably, racing is one of the most popular sports in Mauritius now attracting a regular crowd of 20,000 or more people to the island's only racetrack.
A high level of professionalism has been achieved in racial organizations over the past decades maintaining a vibrant, unique atmosphere that prevailed on the days of the race at Champ de Mars.
Champ de Mars has four classic events a year such as: Duchess of York Cup, BarbÃÆ' Â © Cup, Maiden Cup and Duke of York Cup.
Most horses are imported from South Africa but some are also obtained from Australia, England and France.
South Africa
Horseracing is a popular sport in South Africa that can be traced back to 1797. The first recorded club race meeting took place five years later in 1802. The national horse racing body is known as the National Horseracing Authority and was founded in 1882. The premiere event, which attracting 50,000 people to Durban, is the July Handicap of Durban, which has been run since 1897 at Greyville Racecourse. This is the biggest and most prestigious event on this continent, with bets running to hundreds of millions of Rands. Some winners in July have won various international competitions, such as Colorado King, London News, and Ipi Tombe. However, another great race is the Summer Cup, held at Turfontein Racecourse in Johannesburg, and The Sun Met, held at the Kenilworth racing track in Cape Town.
Asia
China
Horse racing in one form or another has been a part of Chinese culture for thousands of years. Horseracing is a popular pastime for the aristocracy at least by the Zhou Dynasty - 4th century BC. Tian Ji's general strategy for fixed horse racing is probably the most famous story of horse racing in that period. In the 18th and 19th centuries, horse racing and horseback riding in China were dominated by Mongol influence.
Racing horse racing came to China with a British settlement in the mid-1800s and was primarily centered around the port of agreement, including two major racing courses in Shanghai, the Shanghai Horse Race and International Recreation Place (in Kiang-wan), and the racecourse Tianjin. The Kiang-wan racecourse was destroyed before the Second China-War and the Shanghai Race Club closed in 1954. The former Shanghai cruise is the People's Square and People's Park and the former club building is the Shanghai Art Museum.
Since Hong Kong and Macau are the Special Administrative Territories, they are allowed to be free of any gambling ban on mainland China. (See below)
Horse races were banned in the Republic of China from 1945, and the People's Republic of China retained the ban after 1949, although alimony was made to ethnic minorities for which horse sports were a cultural tradition. Speed ​​horse racing (????) is an event at the National Games of China, especially introduced to serve minority people, such as the Mongols. The race course was originally 5 km, but from 2005 (10th National Game) was extended to 12 km. The longer race caused the deaths and injuries of participating horses in 2005 and the 11th National Olympics in 2009. Also, by entering into the sports of Han majority provinces like Hubei, which were funded better and used in the West, than traditional, breeding and training techniques, means that the original purpose of the event to cultivate traditional horse racing for groups like Mongols is at risk of being deprived. At the 2009 National Games, Hubei won gold and silver medals, with Mongolia winning a bronze medal. As a result of these factors, the event was abolished for the 12th National Games in 2013.
The club horse race resurfaced on a small scale in the 1990s. In 2008, China Speed ​​Horse Race Open in Wuhan was held as a qualifying round for the fast racetrack at the National Olympics next year but also seen by commentators as a move to legalize horse racing and gambling on races. Racecourse Wuhan is the only racing arena that organizes races in China. In 2014, Wuhan Jockey Club hosts over 80 races. Almost all Chinese coaches and jockeys live in Wuhan. However, with the collapse of events at the National Olympics and the government not succumbing to the ban on commercial racing, racecourses built in recent years are all in disuse: The Nanjing Racecourse, which previously hosted the National Olympic riding event, is now used as a venue parking; Beijing Jockey Club closed in 2008. Racetrack in Inner Mongolia is not active after 2012.
The horse race eventually returned to mainland China in 2014 as a day, a five-card event for alien horses, coaches and jockeys.
Hong Kong
The British horse racing tradition left a trail with the creation of one of Hong Kong's most important entertainment and gambling establishments. Founded as Royal Hong Kong Jockey Club in 1884, the nonprofit organization conducts nearly 700 races each season on two race tracks in Happy Valley and Sha Tin.
All horses are imported because there is no breeding operation. This sport annually attracts millions of dollars in tax revenues. Off-track bets are available from overseas dealers.
Macau
Jockey Club of Macau was founded for the harness race. It started doing the horse race in 1989.
India
Horse racing in India is over 200 years old, making India very likely to be the oldest racing jurisdiction in Asia where racing is done under the rules. The first Indian horse race was founded in Madras in 1777. Today India has a very well established racing and nursery industry, and this sport is performed in nine racetracks by seven racing authorities.
Japanese
Japan has two regulatory bodies that control horse racing - Japan Racing Association (JRA), and National Association of Racing (NAR). Among them, they do more than 21,000 horse races annually. JRA is responsible for 'Chuo Keiba' (meaning 'horse racing center'), which takes place in ten major Japanese lines. NAR, meanwhile, is responsible for 'Chihou Keiba' (which means 'local horse racing'). Racing in Japan is primarily flat racing, but Japan also has a racing leap and a gliding race known as Ban'ei (also called Draft Racing).
Japan's top races run in spring, fall, and winter. These include the country's most famous race - Class 1 Japanese Cup, 2,400m grass racing (about 1½½m) held every November at Tokyo Racecourse for purse worth  ¥ 476 million (approximately US $ 5.6 million), currently is the richest grass. race in the world. Other bets listed are the February Stakes, Kinen Takamatsunomiya, Yasuda Kinen, Takarazuka Kinen, Arima Kinen, and Tenno Sho races that run in the spring and fall. Japan's top jump jump is Nakayama Grand Jump, run every April at Nakayama Racecourse.
Malaysia
In Malaysia, horse racing was introduced during the British colonial era and remains to this day as a gambling activity. There are three race courses in Malaysia, namely Penang Turf Club, Perak Turf Club and Selangor Turf Club. In and just inside the grass club, betting on horse races is a legal form of gambling. Racing in Malaysia and Singapore is conducted and governed by the Race of Malaya Association Rules and bet in Malaysia operated and organized by Pan Malaysian Pools Sdn Bhd.
Mongolia
The Mongolian horse race takes place during the Naadam festival. Mongolia does not have Thoroughbred horse racing. Instead, he has his own Mongolian horse race where horses run at least as far as 25 kilometers.
Pakistan
Horse races are held in Pakistan in four different clubs. In Lahore at Lahore Race Club, Rawalpindi in Chakri, in Karachi at Karachi Race Club and at Gujrat at Gujrat Race Club.
Philippines
The horse race in the Philippines began in 1867. The history of the Philippine horse race has three divisions according to the race of horses used. They were the Philippines-pony era (1867-1898), the era of Arabian horses (1898-1930), and the Thoroughbred-era (1935-present).
Singapore
Horseracing was introduced to Singapore by the British during the colonial era and remained a form of gambling law after independence. It remains a form of entertainment that is very popular with the local community of Singapore to this day. The race is usually held on Friday and Sunday nights at the Singapore Turf Club in Kranji. Horse racing has also left traces in naming roads in Singapore such as Race Course Road in Little India, where the first racetrack was held in Singapore, and Turf Club Road at Bukit Timah where the Singapore Turf Club used to be before moving to its current location in the year 1999.
South Korea
The horse race in South Korea began in May 1898, when a government-run foreign language agency included a donkey race in its athletic rally. However, it was not until the 1920s that modern horse racing involves betting developed. The country's first official club, Chosun Racing Club, was founded in 1922 and a year later, the pari-mutuel betting system was officially adopted for the first time.
The Korean War disrupted the development of horse races in the country, but after the Seoul Olympics in 1988, Olympic Equestrian Park was converted into a racing facility called Seoul Race Park, which helped the sport to flourish again.
United Arab Emirates
The big race in the UAE is the Dubai World Cup, a race with a $ 10 million purse, which is the biggest wallet in the world to be surpassed by the Pegasus World Cup, an American $ 12 million race owned by the first edition of 2017. Other races include Dubai Kahayla Classic with wallet US $ 250,000.
The Meydan Racecourse in Dubai, reportedly as the world's largest racing track, opened on 27 March 2010 for the Dubai World Cup match. The race track complex contains two tracks with seating for 60,000, hotels, restaurants, theaters, and museums.
There are no parimutuel bets in the UAE because gambling is illegal.
South America
ArgentinaIn Argentina, sport is known as grass. Some of the most famous racers are Irineo Leguisamo, Vilmar Sanguinetti, Marina Lezcano, Jorge Valdivieso, Pablo Falero, and Jorge Ricardo. Tango Carlos Gardel Por una cabeza is about horse racing, a sport that he is a known fan. Gardel is a good friend of Irineo Leguisamo, who is the best known Argentine jockey.
In many horse races, there is a place of gambling, where gamblers can put money on a horse. Gambling on horses is prohibited on some tracks; The Springdale Race Course, home of the Toronto-Dominion Bank (TD Bank) Carolina Cup and Colonial Cup Steeplechase in Camden, South Carolina, is known as one of the tracks where betting is illegal, due to the 1951 law. Where gambling is allowed, the tracks offer parimutuel bets in which gamblers' money is collected and distributed proportionally among the winners after the deductions are made from the pool. In some countries, such as the UK, Ireland, and Australia, alternative and more popular facilities are provided by betting makers that effectively make the market unreasonable. This allows the gambler to 'lock in' opportunities on horses at any given time (known as 'take a price' in England). Gambling Parimutuel on the race also not only provides the purse money for participants but a substantial tax income, with more than $ 100 billion at stake every year in 53 countries.
Criticism
Organized groups to protect animals, such as the Humane Society of the United States and People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, target some horse sports with animal cruelty claims. Horse races and rodeos are most often targeted, as both have high visibility and stress levels as well as potential physical hazards to the horses involved. Horse racing criticism and practice run widely; However, while some may consider horse's drastic even drastic discipline, others may regard harassment as something done against the will of the animal in question. Some people may consider poor living conditions or the use of rough whips, while some may be worried about the end use of horses.
In 2009, the PETA animal rights group released an incognito video of alleged violations of a former horse racing at a slaughterhouse in Kumamoto, Japan. The group stated that "as many as 20,000" horses, including Thoroughbred racing horse, were killed in 2008 in Japan for use as human and pet food (official figures for 2008 were 15,003 horses). Based on the findings of 2009 and the fate of 1986 Kentucky Derby Winner Ferdinand, PETA has called for a ban on exporting horse racing to Japan, although the number of young horses that are exported to Japan for racing purposes is insignificant compared to the overall number and only adult horses exported to Japan are seeds livestock.
Dangers
There are many dangers in horse races for horses and jockeys: horses can stumble and fall, or fall while jumping obstacles, showing jockeys and horses in danger of being trampled and injured.
Anna Waller, a member of the Department of Emergency Medicine at the University of North Carolina, co-authored a four-year study of jockey injuries and told the New York Times that "For every 1,000 jockeys you ride [for one year], more than 600 will experience medically treated injuries. "He added that nearly 20% of these are serious head or neck injuries. The study reported 6,545 injuries during 1993-1996. More than 100 jockeys were killed in the US between 1950 and 1987.
Horses also face danger in racing. 1.5 dead horses from every 1,000 starting in the US. The US Jockey Club in New York estimates that about 600 horses died on the racetrack in 2006. The Jockey Club in Hong Kong reported a much lower number of 0.58 horses per 1000 starts. There has been speculation that drugs used in horse racing in the US prohibited elsewhere are responsible for higher mortality rates in the US.
See also
- Australian and New Zealand punting glossaries
- Glossary of North American horse racing
- Harness racing
- Full auto time
- Horse length
- List of horse racing tracks
- List of jockeys
- Track surfaces
- Go (horse race)
- Joki Challenge
- Racing matches
References
Bibliography
Editor, Elwyn Hartley (1994). The Encyclopedia of the Horse . DK. ISBN 978-1564586148. ASIN: 1564586146.Source of the article : Wikipedia
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