Cree (Cree: N? Hiyaw ; French: Cri ) is one of the largest groups of First Nations in North America, with more than 200,000 members living in Canada. A large proportion of Cree in Canada lives north and west of Lake Superior, in Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, Northwest Territories and Nunavut. About 38,000 people live in Quebec.
In the United States, these Algonquian-speaking people have historically lived from Lake Superior to the west. Today, they mostly live in Montana, where they share reservations with Ojibwe (Chippewa).
The migration west from time to time has been strongly linked to their role as traders and hunters in North American fur trade.
Video Cree
Subgroup
Cree is generally divided into eight groups based on dialect and region. These divisions do not necessarily represent the ethnic sub-divisions within the larger ethnic group:
- Naskapi and Montagnais (commonly known as Innu ) are residents of the area they call Nitassinan. Their territory consists of most of today's political jurisdictions in eastern Quebec and Labrador. Their culture is distinguished, since some of Naskapi are still caribou hunters and more nomadic than many Montagnais, but Montagnais has more settlements. The total population of both groups in 2003 was about 18,000 people, of whom 15,000 lived in Quebec. Their dialect and language are the most distinct of Cree spoken by groups in western Lake Superior.
- Atikamekw is a resident of the area they call Nitaskinan (Our Land), in the valley of St. Maurice over Quebec (about 300 km north of Montreal). The population is around 4,500.
- James Bay Cree - Grand Council of the Crees; about 18,000 Cree (Iyyu in Coastal Dialogue/ Iynu in Land Dialogs) of the Eeyou Istchee and Nunavik territories in Northern Quebec.
- Moose Cree - The Moose Factory in Cochrane District, Ontario; the group lives on Moose Factory Island, near the mouth of the Moose River, at the southern end of James Bay.
- Swampy Cree - this group lives in northern Manitoba along the shores of Hudson Bay and the adjacent hinterlands to the south and west, and in Ontario along the shores of Hudson Bay and James Bay. Some are also in eastern Saskatchewan around Cumberland House. It has 4,500 speakers.
- Woods Cree groups in northern Alberta and Saskatchewan.
- Cree Plain 34,000 people in Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and Montana.
Due to many Cree dialect languages, there is no modern collective autonim. The Plains Cree and Attikamekw refer to themselves using modern forms from the history of nÃÆ'ªhiraw nÃÆ'ªhiyaw and nÃÆ'ÂÅ'visual , respectively. Moose Cree, East Cree, Naskapi, and Montagnais all refer to themselves using modern dialect form from the history of iriniw , which means 'human.' Moose Cree uses the form i iiyiyiu , iiyiyuu , and < i> einiou ), the East Cree interior uses iyiniw (spelled various iinuu and eenou ), and Montagnais uses ilnu and innu , depending on the dialect. Cree uses "Cree," "cri," "Naskapi, or" montagnais "to refer to their people only when speaking colonist languages ​​of Europe, France or England.
Maps Cree
Political aboriginal organization
Historical
As a hunter-gatherer, the basic organizational unit for the Cree community is the lodge, a group of perhaps eight or a dozen people, usually families of two separate but related couples living together in the wigwam (tent of a vault) or tipi (conical tent), and band , a group of moving huts and hunted together. In case of dispute the lodge can leave the band, and the band can be formed and dissolved with relative ease, but because there is safety in numbers, all the families want to be part of several bands, and emptying is considered a very serious punishment. Bands usually have a strong bond with their neighbors through mixed marriages and will gather together in different parts of the year to hunt and socialize together. In addition to these regional meetings, there is no higher level formal structure, and decisions of war and peace are made by consensus with allied groups that meet together on the council. People can be identified by their clan , which is a group of people who claim the offspring of the same common ancestor; each clan will have representation and vote on all the important councils held by the band (compare: Anishinaabe clan system).
Each band remains independent of each other. However, Cree bands tend to work together and with their neighbors against outside enemies. They were Cree who moved to the Great Plains and adopted the bison hunt, called the Cree Plains, allied with Assiniboine and Saulteaux in what is known as the "Iron Confederation" which was a major force in North American fur trade from the 1730s. into the 1870s.
When a band goes to war, they will nominate a temporary military commander, called okimahkan . translated loosely as "head of war". This office is different from the "head of peace", a leader who has a more diplomatic-like role. In 1885 the North-West Rebellion, Big Bear was the leader of his band, but after the battle began, Wandering Spirit became the leader of the war.
Contemporary
There have been several attempts to create a national political organization that will represent all Cree communities, at least as far back as the 1994 meeting at the Cree First Nation Opaskwayak reserve.
Name
The name "Cree" comes from the Algonkian-exonym Left? Tino? , used by Ojibwa for the tribes around the Hudson Bay. French colonists and explorers, spelled the terms Kilistinon Kiristinon , Knisteneaux , Cristenaux , and Cristinaux, using terms for the various tribes they encountered in the north of Lake Superior, in Manitoba, and on the west there. France uses these terms to refer to various groups of people in Canada, some of which are now better distinguished as Severn Anishinaabe (Ojibwa), who speak with a different dialect of Algonquin.
Depending on the community, Cree can call themselves by the following names: n? Haiku , n? Index , n? Raw , and n? brushed ; or ininiw , attractive , iynu ( innu ), or iyyu . These names come from the autograph history n? (an uncertain meaning) or from autistic history iriniw (which means "person"). Cree uses the latter autons tend to those who live in the Quebec and Labrador regions.
Languages ​​
The Cree language (also known in the most extensive classification as Cree-Montagnais, Cree-Montagnais-Naskapi, to denote the groups included) is the name for a group of closely related Algonquian languages ​​spoken by about 117,000 people across Canada, from Northwest Region to Labrador. This is the native language most used in Canada. The only region where Cree has an official status in the Northwest Territories, along with eight other aboriginal languages.
The two main groups: Nehiyaw and Innu, speak the context of the mutually understandable dialect of Cree, which can be shared with many criteria. In the dialect dialect, "This language is not so much, as a dialect chain, where speakers from one community can easily understand their neighbors, but Cree Plains speakers from Alberta will find the Quebec speaker Cree difficult to speak without practice.
One of the main divisions among the groups is the Eastern group represents the voice of the Representation in the International Phonetic Phonetic (IPA) in the /ts/ (c) or to /t?/ (?) When it precedes the front vowel. There is also a big difference in the grammatical (particle) vocabulary between groups. In both groups, another set of variations has appeared around the pronunciation of the Proto-Algonquian phoneme * l , which can be realized as /l/,/r/,/y/,/n/, or /ÃÆ' Â °/ (th) by different groups. But in another dialect, the difference between /e:/ (?) And /i:/ (?) has been lost, merged with the last one. In more western dialect, the difference between /s/ and /?/ (?) has been lost, both blend with the previous one. Cree is not a typical typological language. Cree has both a prefix and a suffix, both prepositions and postpositions, and both prenominal and postnominal modifiers (eg demonstratives can appear in both positions).
Golla enrolls Cree as one of fifty-five languages ​​with more than 1,000 speakers actively gained by children.
Identity and ethnicity
In Canada
Cree is Canada's largest group of First Nations, with 220,000 members and 135 registered bands. This large population may be the result of the traditional Crees' openness to intertribal marriages. Together, their reserve land is the largest of any of the First Nations groups in the country. The largest Cree Band and the second largest Nation Band First in Canada after the Six Nations Iroquois is the Lac La Ronge Band in northern Saskatchewan.
Given Cree's acceptance of traditional mixed marriages, it is recognized by academics that all bands in the end of the mixed heritage and multilingualism and multiculturalism are the norm. In the West, mixed groups of Cree, Saulteaux, and Assiniboine, all partners in Iron Confederacy, are the norm. However, in recent years, since the original language has declined in western Canada where there are three languages ​​spoken on a particular backup, there may now be only one. This has led to the simplification of identity, and has become "fashionable" for bands in many parts of Saskatchewan to be identified as "Cree Plains" at the expense of mixed Cree-Salteaux history. There is also a tendency for bands to categorize themselves as "Plains Cree" rather than Woods Cree or Swampy Cree. Neal McLeod argues this is partly due to the dominant cultural appeal with Indian Plains culture as well as the greater degree of written standardization and prestige of Cree Plains enjoying more than any other Cree dialect.
The MÃÆ'Â © tis (from France, MÃÆ'Ã… © tis - of mixed ancestors) are people of mixed ancestry, such as Nehiyaw (or Anishinaabe) and French, English, or Scottish heritage. According to the Aboriginal Affairs and Canadian Development of the North, MÃÆ'Â © tis is historically the children of French feather merchants and Nehiyaw women or, from the British or Scottish union and the northern Dene woman (Anglo-MÃÆ'Ã… © tis). Generally in academic circles, the term mÃÆ' Ã… © tis can be used to refer to a combination of people from native American and European legacies, although the historical definitions for MÃÆ'Ã… © tis remain. Canada India and North Affairs broadly define MÃÆ'®tis as the people of the First Nations mix and the European ancestors, while The MÃÆ'Â © tis National Council defines MÃÆ'®tis as "the person who identifies himself as MÃÆ'Ã… © tis, different from other Aboriginal Tribes, is the history of MÃÆ' Â © tis Nation Ancestry and which is accepted by MÃÆ' Â © tis Nation ".
In the United States
At one time Cree lived in northern Minnesota, North Dakota and Montana. Today American Cree is listed in the federally recognized Chippewa Cree tribe, located at Rocky Boy Indian Reservation, and in the minority as "Landless Cree" at Fort Peck Indian Reservation and as "Landless Cree" and "Rocky Boy Cree" at Fort Belknap Indian Reservation, all in Montana. The Chippewa Cree shared a reservation with the Pembina Band of Chippewa Indians, who formed "Chippewa" (Ojibwa) half of the Chippewa Cree tribe. In other Reserves, the Cree minority shares reservations with the Assiniboine, Gros Ventre and Sioux tribes. Traditionally, the southern boundary of the Cree region in Montana is the Missouri River and the Milk River.
First Nation Community
Ethnobotany
Cree's Hudson Bay uses a decoction of Kalmia latifolia leaf for diarrhea, but they consider the plant to be poisonous.
Woods Cree subgroup
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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