Cossack (Ukrainian: ??????? , kozaky , Russian: ??????? , translate. Ã, kazaki , Belarusian: ????? i , Polish: kozacy , Czecho-Slovak: kozÃÆ'Â Hungarian is a member of current and former (pre-Soviet) ethnic and cultural governance, semi-military communities that are mostly located in Southern Russia and in Southern-Eastern Ukraine. Historically, they inhabited the sparsely populated areas and islands of the Dnieper, Don, Terek and the lower Urral basin and play an important role in historical and cultural development both in Ukraine and Russia.
The origins of the Cossacks were first debated, though the 1710 Constitution of Pylyp Orlyk claimed the Khazar origin. The emergence of Cossacks dates from the 14th or 15th century, when two interconnected groups emerged, Zaporozhian Sich of the Dnieper and Host Don Cossack.
The Zaporizhian Sich were subordinate people from Poland-Lithuania during feudal times. Under increasing pressure from the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, in the mid-17th century Sich declared an independent Hetmanate Cossack, initiated by an uprising under Bohdan Khmelnytsky. After that, the Pereyaslav Treaty (1654) brought most of the Cossacks under Russia. Sich with his land became an autonomous region under the Russian-Polish protectorate.
The Don Cossack Host, founded in the 16th century, is allied with Tsardom of Russia. Together they began the conquest and colonization of the land systematically to secure the border in the Volga, the whole of Siberia (see Yermak Timofeyevich) and the Yaik River (Ural) and Terek. The Cossacks community has developed along the last two rivers long before the arrival of Don Cossack.
In the 18th century, the owner of the Cossacks in the Russian Empire occupied an effective buffer zone on its border. The Imperial expansionist ambitions rely on ensuring the loyalty of the Cossacks, which causes tension given their traditional training of freedom, democracy, self-government, and independence. Cossacks such as Stenka Razin, Kondraty Bulavin, Ivan Mazepa and Yemelyan Pugachev led anti-imperial wars and major revolutions in the Empire to abolish abominable slavery and bureaucracy and to defend independence. The Empire responded with cruel execution and torture, the destruction of the western part of Host Don Cossack during the Bulavin Uprising in 1707-08, the destruction of Baturyn after the Mazepa uprising in 1708, and the official dissolution of the Lower Dapel Zaporozhian Host in 1775, following the Pugachev Uprising.
By the end of the 18th century the Cossacks had been transformed into a special military area (Sosloviye), "a military class". Similar to medieval European knights in feudal times or Roman tribal supporters, Cossacks people coming to military service should acquire horses, weapons, and supplies of chargers at their own expense. The government only provides firearms and supplies for them. The Cossacks service is considered the most stringent.
Because of their military tradition, the Cossacks troops played an important role in the 18th-century Russian war, such as the Great North War, the Seven Year War, the Crimean War, the Napoleonic Wars, the Caucasus War, many Russian-Persian Wars, many Russian-Turkish Wars and World War One. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the Tsar regime used Cossacks extensively to perform police duties. They also served as border guards on national and internal ethnic borders (as in the Caucasus War).
During the Russian Civil War, Don and Kuban Cossack were the first countries to declare an open war against the Bolsheviks. In 1918 the Cossacks declared their nation's full independence and established an independent state, the Ukrainian State, the Don Republic and the People's Republic of Kuban. The Cossacks forces form the effective nucleus of the anti-Bolshevik White Army, and the Cossacks republic became the center of the anti-Bolshevik White movement. With the victory of the Red Army, Cossack land was subjected to Decossackization and Holodomor. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the Cossacks systematically returned to Russia. Many took an active part in the post-Soviet conflict. In the 2010 Russian Population Census, some people report their ethnicity as Cossacks. There are Cossacks organizations in Russia, Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Belarus, and the United States.
Video Cossacks
Etymology
The etymological dictionary Max Vasmer traces the name to the Old Slavic word Old ?????? , kozak , loan from Cuman, where cosac > means "free man". Ethnonym Kazakh comes from the same Turkish roots. In modern Turkic it is pronounced as "Kazak".
In a written source, his name was first proved in Codex Cumanicus from the 13th century. In English, "Cossacks" was first demonstrated in 1590.
Maps Cossacks
Language
Ukraine, Russia
Initial history
It is not clear when the newly separated Slavs from Brodnici and Berladniki began to settle downstream of major rivers like the Don and the Dnieper after the death of the Khazar state. It is unlikely that it could happen before the 13th century, when the Mongols destroyed the power of the Cumans, which had absorbed the previous population in the region. It is well known that the new settlers inherited a long-lasting lifestyle there, such as those from Turkic Cumans and Circassian Kassaks. However, Slavs settlements in southern Ukraine began to appear relatively early during the reign of Cuman, with the earliest, as Oleshky, dating back to the 11th century.
Early "Proto-Cossack" groups are generally reported to have emerged in the present in Ukraine in the mid-13th century as the influence of Cumans is weakening, although some people consider their origins at the beginning of the 10th century. Some historians argue that the Cossacks were of mixed ethnic origin, who came from Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Turkey, Tatars, and others who settled or passed the vast Stepa. But some Turkologists argue that the Cossacks are the original descendants of Cumans of Ukraine, who lived there long before the Mongol invasion.
Amid the growing strength of Moscow and Lithuania, new political entities appeared in the region, such as Moldavia and the Crimean Khanate. In 1261, several Slavs living in the area between Dniester and Volga were mentioned in the Ruthenian chronicles. Cossacks nation history records before the 16th century are still few, like the history of Ukrainian land in that period for various reasons.
At the beginning of the 15th century some people ventured into the "Wild Fields", the southern border region of Ukraine that separated the Polish-Lithuanian from Crimean Khanate, which is a rich and fertile natural region littered with cattle, wild animals and fish. These efforts continue a short-term expedition to acquire the region's natural wealth and how to farm, hunt, then return home in winter or may remain permanently - then known as the Cossacks way of life. The Crimean-Nogai attack on the East Slavs land brought considerable destruction and depopulation to this area. Tatar attacks also play an important role in the development of Cossacks.
In the fifteenth century the Cossacks community was described as a loose independent community federation, often forming local troops, fully independent of neighboring countries (from, for example, Poland, Grand Duchy of Moscow or Khanate of Crimea). According to Hrushevsky the first mention of Cossack can be found in the 14th century; However, they are from Turkey or undefined. Hrushevsky states that Cossacks can be derived from the long forgotten Antes, or groups from the Berlad region of Romania now, then part of the Grand Duchy of Halych, Brodniki . There, the Cossacks may function as a form of self-defense, organized to defend themselves from attacks by neighbors. In 1492 the Crimean Khan complained that Kanev and Cherkasy Cossack attacked his ship near Tighina (Bender), and the Grand Duke of Lithuania Alexander I promised to find guilty among the Cossacks. Sometimes in the 16th century there appeared an ancient Ukraine Balada Cossack Holota
In the 16th century the Cossacks community merged into two independent territorial organizations as well as other small groups that were still separated:
- The Cossacks of Zaporizhia, centered on the bend of the Dnieper, within the territory of modern Ukraine, with the fortified capital of Zaporozhian Sich. They were officially recognized as an independent state, Zaporozhian Host, by an agreement with Poland in 1649.
- State of Don Cossack, on the Don River. The capital of the State of Don Cossack was originally Razdory, then moved to Cherkassk, and then to Novocherkassk.
Besides these two men, one finds mentioning the less well-known Tatar Cossacks such as Na? AybÃÆ'¤klÃÆ'¤r and Meschera (mishari) Cossacks, among them Sary Azman was the first Donaman and who not only assimilated by Don Cossack but had Bashkir and Meschera Host irregular until the late 19th century. Kalmyk and Buryat Cossacks should be mentioned as well.
The Gypsy Cossacks are the least known now.
Zaporozhian Cossack
The Zaporozhian Cossacks live in Pontic-Caspian steppe under the Dnieper Rapids (Ukraine: za porohamy ), also known as Wild Fields. They became a famous group whose numbers increased rapidly between the 15th and 17th centuries. The Cossacks are usually organized by Ruthenian boyars or princely princes, especially large Lithuanian stars. Merchants, farmers and fugitives from the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, the state of Moscow, and modern Moldova and Romania also join the Cossacks. Zaporizhian Prototype The first recorded host was formed when Ivan the Terrible's cousin, Dmytro Vyshnevetsky, built a fort on the island of Little Khortytsia on the banks of the Lower Dnieper in 1552. The Zaporozhian Host adopted a lifestyle that incorporated the ancient Cossacks order and customs with those of the Knights Hospitaller.
The Zaporozhian Cossack plays an important role in European geopolitics, participating in a series of conflicts and alliances with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Russia, and the Ottoman Empire. As a result of the Khmelnytsky Revolt in the mid-seventeenth century, Zaporozhian Cossack briefly established an independent state, which later became an autonomous Hessmanate Cossack (1649-1764). It was sovereignty under the protection of the Russian Tsar from 1667 but was ruled by the local Hetman for a century.
The Zaporozhian Sich has his own authority, his own "Nizovy" Zaporozhsky Host, and his own land. In the second half of the 18th century, the Russian authorities destroyed this Zaporozhian Host and gave the land to the landlords. Some of the Cossacks moved into the territory of the Danube delta, where they formed the Sich Danubian under Ottoman rule. To prevent further Cossack defection, the Russian government restored the special Cossack status of the majority of Zaporozhian Cossacks. This allows them to unite in Mr. Loyal Zaporozhians and then to reorganize into another host, where the Black Sea host is the most important. They eventually moved to the Kuban region, due to the distribution of Sich Zaporozhian land among the landlords and the scarcity of land produced.
The majority of the Danichian Sich Cossacks had moved first to the Azov region in 1828, and later joined the other Zaporozhian Cossacks in the Kuban region. The group was generally identified by faith rather than the language of the period, and most of the Cossack Zaporozhian descendants in the Kuban region were bilingual, speaking both Russian and local Kuban dialects from central Ukraine. Their folklore is predominantly Ukrainian. The dominant views of ethnologists and historians are thought to be found in a common culture derived from the Black Sea of ​​Cossacks.
The Zaporozhians gained a reputation for their attacks against the Ottoman Empire and its followers, though sometimes they looted other neighbors as well. Their actions increase tensions along the southern Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth border. Low-level warfare took place in the region for much of the Commonwealth period (1569-1795).
In 1539, the Ottoman Suleiman the Great asked Grand Duke Vasili III of Russia to hold the Cossacks; The Duke replied: "The Cossacks do not swear to me, and they live as they wish." In 1549 Tsar Ivan the Terrible responded to Suleiman's request that he stop the attack by Don Cossack, saying, "The Cossacks of the Don are not my subjects, and they go to war or live in peace without my knowledge." The main strengths are trying to exploit Cossack abductions for their own purposes. In the 16th century, with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth force stretching southward, the Zaporozhian Cossacks were largely, if temporarily, considered by the Commonwealth as their subject. Registered Cossacks formed part of the Commonwealth army until 1699.
Around the end of the sixteenth century, the relationship between the Commonwealth and the Ottoman Empire experienced tension with the rise of Cossack aggression. From the second part of the 16th century, the Cossacks began to rob the Ottoman territory. The Polish government can not control the Cossacks, but is held responsible because men are nominally their subject. In retaliation, the Tatars living under Ottoman rule launched an assault on the Commonwealth, mostly in the southeast. In retaliation, the Cossacks pirates began storming the rich trading port cities in the heart of the Ottoman Empire, as these were only two days away by boat from the mouth of the Dnieper. In 1615 and 1625, the Cossacks had torn down the periphery of Constantinople, forcing the Ottoman sultan to leave his palace. In 1637, the Zaporozhian Cossacks, who joined the Don Cossacks, seized the strategic Ottoman fortress, Azov, who guarded the Don.
Successive agreements between the Ottoman Empire and the Commonwealth of Poland-Lithuania called for the government to keep the Cossacks and Tatars, but did not enforce the agreement strongly. The Poles forced the Cossacks to burn their boats and stop attacking by sea, but they did not give up completely. During this time, the Habsburg Empire sometimes secretly hired the Cossacks robbers to fight the Ottomans to ease the pressure on their own borders. Many Cossacks and Tatars have developed long-standing hostility for losing their attacks. The ensuing chaos and revenge cycle often transforms the entire Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth border into a low-intensity war zone. It catalyzed the escalation of the Commonwealth-Ottoman war, from the Moldavia Magnolia War (1593-1617) to the Battle of Cecora (1620) and the campaign in the Polish-Ottoman War of 1633-1634.
The number of Cossacks extends as combatants join farmers who flee from slavery in Russia and dependence on the Commonwealth. Efforts by szlachta to turn Zaporozhian Cossacks into farmers erode the previously strong Cossack loyalty to the Commonwealth. The government constantly rejects the Cossack ambitions for the same recognition as szlachta, and the plan to turn the Polish Commonwealth-two-nation into the Polish-Lithuanian-Russian Commonwealth 'makes little progress because this idea is unpopular among Rus' szlahta of the same 'Rus' Cossack with Rus' szlachta. The Cossacks' strong historical allegiance to the Eastern Orthodox Church also puts them at odds with the Roman Catholic-dominated Commonwealth officials. Tensions escalated as Commonwealth policies turned away from the relative tolerance of the Eastern Orthodox church's persecution after the Brest Union. The Cossacks became very anti-Roman Catholics, in this case an attitude that became synonymous with anti-Polish.
Registered Cossack
The weakness of the Cossacks loyalty and the arrogance of szlachta against them resulted in several Cossacks rebellions against the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth at the beginning of the 17th century. Finally, the King's unwavering refusal to submit to Cossack's request to expand the Cossack Registry was the last straw that drove the largest and most successful of these: the Khmelnytsky uprising which began in 1648. Some Cossacks, including the Polish schahta, converted to the Eastern Orthodox, dividing the land of Ruthenian szlachta in Ukraine, and became Cossack szlachta. The rebellion became one of a series of disastrous events for the Commonwealth known as The Deluge, which greatly weakened the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and set the stage for disintegration 100 years later.
Influential relatives of Russia and Lithuania szlachta in Moscow helped create the Russian-Polish alliance against Khaltnky Cossack as rebels against any order and Ruthenian Orthodox schlahta's private property, Don Cossack's attacks in the Crimea left Khmelnitsky without the help of his usual Tatar allies.. But in the opinion of Russia, the uprising ended with the Treaty of 1654 Pereyaslav in which Khmelnitsky's Cossack so as to destroy the Russian-Polish alliance against them promised their loyalty to the Russian Tsar with the latter guaranteeing his Cossack's protection, the recognition of the Cossacks starshyna (nobility) and their property and autonomy under his rule, freeing the Cossacks from the sphere of Polish influence and Ruthenian schlahta land claims. Only part of the Ruthenian schahta in the Chernigov region, originating from the state of Moscow, saved their land from the split among the Cossacks and became part of the Cossack schlahta. After this, Ruthenian schlahta refrained from his plans to have the Moscow tsar of the king of the Commonwealth, Micha himself? Korybut Wi? Niowiecki becomes king later. The last attempt, which ultimately did not work, to rebuild the Polish-Cossack alliance and create the Polish-Lithuanian-Ruthenian Commonwealth was the 1658 Hadiach Treaty, approved by the Polish Kings and Sejm and by some of the Cossack starshyna, including Hetman Ivan Vyhovsky. However, the starshyna is divided over the issue and the agreement is even less favored among rank-and-file Cossacks; so failed.
Under Russian rule, the Cossacks of the Zaporozhian Host are divided into two autonomous republics of Tsardom Moscow: Cossack Hetmanate, and a more independent Zaporizhia. These organizations gradually lost their autonomy, and were abolished by Catherine II at the end of the 18th century. Hetmanate became governor of Little Russia, and Zaporizhia was absorbed into the New Russia.
In 1775 the Lower Dapel Zaporozhian Host was destroyed. Later, his high-ranking Cossack leaders were exiled to Siberia, the last head of the Solovetsky Islands, to the establishment of a new Sich in the Ottoman Empire by the Cossacks without the involvement of the convicted Cossack leaders.
Black Sea, Azov and Danubian Sich Cossacks
With the destruction of Zaporozhian Sich, many of the Zaporozhian Cossacks, especially most of the Old Believers and others of Greater Russia, defected to Turkey and settled on the Danube river, establishing the new Sich there. Part of this Cossack settled on the river Tisa in the Austrian Empire and formed a new Sich there as well. Some Ukrainian-speaking Eastern Orthodox Cossacks escape across the Danube (territory under Ottoman Empire control), along with the Cossacks of Greater Russia, to form a new host before joining the others in Kuban. Many Ukrainian farmers and adventurers join the Danubian Sich afterwards. The Ukrainian folklore remembers Sich Danubian, while the new siches of the Faithful Zaporozhians on the Bug and Dniester are not the famous ones. The majority of Tisa Sich and Danubian Sich Cossacks returned to Russia in 1828 and settled in the northern areas of the Azov Sea and became known as Azov Cossacks. But the majority of the Zaporozhian Cossacks, especially the Ukrainian-speaking Eastern Orthodox, remain loyal to Russia irrespective of the destruction of Sich and known as the Black Sea Cossack. Both Azov and Black Sea Cossacks are resettled to colonize the Kuban grasslands, which are an important foothold for Russian expansion in the Caucasus.
During their stay in Turkey Cossacks, a newly established host of about 12,000 Cossacks by the end of 1778. Their settlement on the border with Russia was approved by the Ottoman Empire after the Cossacks officially swore to serve the Sultan. But the conflict within the new host, and the political maneuvers used by the Russian Empire, caused a split among the Cossacks. After a portion of the Cossacks who fled back to Russia they were used by the Russian army to form a new military body that also included Albanian Greeks, Crimean Tatars, and Gypsies. However, after the Russian-Turkish War of 1787-1792, most of them were put into the Black Sea Cossack Host along with Loyal Zaporozhians. The Black Sea Host moved to Kuban steppe. Most of the remaining Cossacks living in the Danube delta returned to Russia in 1828 and created Host Cossack Aziz between Berdyansk and Mariupol. In 1860, more Cossacks were resettled back to the North Caucasus and joined the Kuban Cossack Host.
Russian Cossacks
The original land of Cossack is defined by the Russian/Ruthenian fortress line located on the border with the meadow and extending from the central Volga to Ryazan and Tula, then suddenly drove south and extends to the Dnieper via Pereyaslavl. This area is populated by a population of free people who practice various trades and crafts.
These people, constantly confronting the Tatar fighters on the border of the meadow, received the Turkish name Cossacks Kazaks ), which later extended to other free people in Russia. Many Cumans, who had assimilated the Khazars, retreated to the kingdom of Great Ryazan (Grand Duchy) after the Mongol invasion. The oldest references in history mention the Cossacks of the Russian empire Ryazan served the kingdom in battle against the Tatars in 1444. In the 16th century, the Cossacks (notably Ryazan) were grouped into military and commercial communities in open grasslands. and start migrating to the Don area.
Cossacks served as border guards and city patrons, fortresses, settlements and trading posts, performing police functions at the border and also came to represent an integral part of the Russian army. In the 16th century, to protect the border area from the Tatar invasion, the Cossacks performed guard and patrol duties, guarding from the Crimean Tarsan and Nogai Horde nomads in the prairie area.
The most popular weapons used by Cossack troops are usually swords, or shashka , and long spears.
The Russian Cossacks played a key role in the expansion of the Russian Empire to Siberia (mainly by Yermak Timofeyevich), the Caucasus and Central Asia in the period from the 16th to the 19th centuries. Cossacks also serves as a guide for most Russian expeditions formed by civilian and military geographers and surveyors, traders and explorers. In 1648, Cossack Semyon Dezhnyov of Russia discovered a road between North America and Asia. The Cossacks unit played a role in many wars in the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries (such as the Russian-Turkish War, the Russian-Persian War, and the annexation of Central Asia).
The Western Europeans had many contacts with the Cossacks during the Seven Years War and had seen the Cossacks patrol in Berlin. During the Napoleonic Invasion of Russia, the Cossacks were the most feared Russian troops in France. Napoleon himself stated "The Cossacks are the best militant of all that exists, and if I had them in my army I would go out into the world with them." Cossacks also took part in partisan war deep inside the occupied territory of Russia, attacking the lines of communication and supply. These attacks, carried out by the Cossacks along with Russian light cavalry and other units, are one of the first developments of guerrilla warfare tactics and, to some extent, special operations as we know them today.
The French had little contact with the Cossacks before the Allies occupied Paris in 1814. As the most exotic troops of Russian troops seen in France, the Cossacks drew much attention and fame because of their alleged holiness during the Napoleonic wars. Bistrots appeared after the Cossacks occupation in Paris. Stendhal has, that "Cossacks are pure like children and great as Gods".
Don Cossack
The Don Cossack Host (Russian: ?????????????????????? , Vsevelikoye Voysko Donskoye ) is an independent or autonomous democratic republic of today, Southern Russia from the late 16th century to the beginning of the 20th century. In 948 the Byzantine Emperor Constantine mentioned the trade of goods, between the Don Cossacks in their capital. Don Cossack has a rich military tradition, playing an important part in the historical development of the Russian Empire and successfully participating in all major wars.
The exact origins of Don Cossack are unknown. In the modern view, the Don Cossacks are descended from Slavic and Khazars, who assimilate Slavs, Goths, Alans, and perhaps Rugii, Roxolans, Alans and even Goths-Alans from the Black Sea Rus See Evgueni Goloubinski and Vasily Vasilievsky's work on Gothoalans Relations (Goths-Tetraxits) and Russian invaders in the North-Eastern Black Sea and Azov Seas as well. The Goths-Alans originated from the western part of the North Caucasus and from Northern Europe, the Goths mixed with Slavs during their journey from Northern Europe. When Alans moved to Europe, these Goths occupied the former part of Alania in the Crimea and called the Gothos, the Russians who occupied the other part called Roxolans. Then people from the western part of the North Caucasus joined the Gotho-Alans in their Feodoro kingdom. It is believed that the Crimean Greek has a Gotho-Alan ancestor, among others. Mikhail Lomonosov was the first to identify the Roxols as Russians who resembled Gotho-Alan identities as Goths. The new Slavs came from Dnepr and the Garden, and from the Republic of Novgorod and the Kingdom of Ryazan, both before and after the occupation and their violent conquests by Muscovite Tsardom.
The majority of Don Cossacks are Eastern Orthodox Orders or Christian Parents (??????????); and before the Civil War in Russia, there were many religious minorities, including Muslims, Subbotniks, Jews, and others.
Kuban Cossack
Kuban Cossack is a Cossack living in the Kuban region of Russia. Although many groups of Cossacks come to inhabit the Western Caucasus of the West, most of the Kuban Cossacks are descended from the Black Sea Cossacks, (originally Zaporozhian Cossacks) and the Caucasus Line Cossack Host.
A distinguishing feature of other Russian Cossacks is the Chupryna or Oseledets , a popular roach haircut among some Kuban people. This is because of their traditional roots, back to Zaporizhian Sich.
Terek Cossack
Terek Cossack Host is a Cossack host created in 1577 from a free Cossack that resettled from the Volga to the Terek River. Aboriginal Terek Cossack joined this host later. In 1792 the Host was included in the Host Cossack of the Caucasus Path and separated from it again in 1860, with the capital Vladikavkaz. In 1916, the Host population was 255,000 in an area of ​​1.9 million desyatinas.
Yaik Cossack
The Ural Cossack Host is formed from Ural Cossack , which has settled along the Ural River. Their alternate name, Yaik Cossack , comes from the previous river name, which was changed by the government after the Pugachev uprising. Ural Cossack speaks Russian and is identified as a Russian ancestor, but they also incorporate many Tatars into their ranks. Twenty years after Moscow conquered the Volga from Kazan to Astrakhan, in 1577, the government sent troops to disperse pirates and robbers along the Volga (one of them was Ermak). Some fled to flee southeast to the Ural River, where they joined Yaik Cossack. In 1580, they captured Saraichik. In 1591 they fought on behalf of the government in Moscow. Over the next century, they were officially recognized by the imperial government.
Razin and Pugachev Rebellions
The Cossacks, as a largely independent nation, had to defend their democratic liberties and traditions against the ever-expanding Muscovy, which was replaced by the Russian Empire. Cossacks tend to act independently of Tsardom of Muscovy, increasing the friction between the two of them. Tsardom's power began to grow in 1613 with the rise of Mikhail Romanov to the throne after Time of Troubles. The government began trying to integrate the Cossacks into Muscovite Tsardom by granting elite status and enforcing military service, thus creating a split within the Cossacks themselves as they struggled to keep their own traditions alive. The government's efforts to change the traditional nomadic lifestyle of the Cossacks caused them to engage in almost all major disruptions in Russia over a period of 200 years, including the uprising led by Stepan Razin and Emilian Pugachev.
When Muscovy regains stability, discontent continues to grow in slave populations and farmers. Code 1649, under Alexis Romanov, son of Mikhail, divides the population of Russia into different categories of descendants and remains. Code 1649 increases tax revenues for the central government and stops wandering to stabilize the social order by improving people on the same land with the same work of their families. Farmers are tied to the land and city dwellers are forced to take the work of their father. Increased taxes mainly fall on the farmers as a burden and continue to widen the gap between the rich and the poor. As the government develops more military expeditions, human and material resources are limited, putting more pressure on farmers. The war with Poland and Sweden in 1662 caused a fiscal crisis and unrest across the country. Taxes, harsh conditions, and the gap between social classes encourage peasants and slaves to flee, many of whom go to the Cossacks, knowing that the Cossacks will accept refugees and free them.
The Cossacks are having trouble under Tsar Alexis because the wave of refugees is growing every day. The Cossacks received food subsidies, money and military supplies from the tsar in exchange for acting as a border defense. These subsidies often fluctuate and are a source of conflict between the Cossacks and the government. The war with the Poles diverted the necessary food and military shipments to the Cossacks as Host residents, Cossack units identified by the area in which they lived, grew up with the fugitive farmer. The influx of refugees makes it difficult for the Cossacks not only because of the growing demand for food, but also because of the large number of fugitives this means the Cossacks can not absorb them into their culture through traditional apprenticeship. Instead of taking the appropriate assimilation steps into the Cossacks community, the spontaneously escaping farmers declared themselves Cossacks and lived beside the true Cossacks, working or working as barges to get food.
As his condition deteriorated and Mikhail's son, Alexis, took the throne, the split among the Cossacks began to emerge. Older Cossacks began to settle and prosper, enjoying the privileges they earn by obeying and helping the Muscovite system. The old Cossacks began to give up the traditions and freedoms they deserved to die to gain pleasure from the elite life. Runaway lawless and restless farmers who call themselves Cossacks seek adventure and revenge against the nobles who have caused them to suffer. These Cossacks do not receive the government subsidies enjoyed by the old Cossacks and therefore have to work harder and longer for food and money. This split between the elite and the lawless will lead to the formation of the Cossack troops which began in 1667 under Stenka Razin and the main failure of the uprising.
Stenka Razin was born into the elite Cossacks family and has made many diplomatic visits to Moscow before organizing his rebellion. The Cossacks were Razin's main supporters and followed him during his first Persian campaign in 1667, plundering and robbing Persian cities on the Caspian Sea. They got sick and hungry again, tired from fighting but rich in looted things in 1669. Muscovy tries to get support from the old Cossacks, asks for the ataman, or the Cossacks chief, to prevent Razin from following his plans. However, ataman, as Razin's baptismal father and shaken by Razin's promise of the wealth part of Razin's expedition, replied that the elite Cossacks were powerless against the rebel gangs. The elites do not see much of the threat from Razin and his followers, although they realize that he can cause problems with the Muscovite system if its development becomes a rebellion against the central government.
Razin and his followers began to capture the cities at the start of the uprising in 1669. They captured the cities of Tsaritsyn, Astrakhan, Saratov, and Samara, applied democratic rule and released peasants from slavery as they went. Razin imagines the Cossacks republic united throughout the southern desert where the towns and villages of the area will operate under the democratic style of the Cossacks government. This siege often occurs in the old towns of fleeing Cossack farmers, which causes them to confuse their old masters and take their revenge. Progress of the rebels began to be seen as a problem for the older Cossacks, who, in 1671, decided to obey the government in order to receive more subsidies. On April 14, the Yakovlev ataman led the elders to destroy the rebel camp and capture Razin, taking him immediately afterwards to Moscow for execution.
Razin's rebellion marks the beginning of the end of traditional Cossack practices. In August 1671, the envoy of Muscovite set a vow of allegiance and the Cossacks swore allegiance to the tsar. When they still have internal autonomy, the Cossacks are subject to Muscovite, a transition that will prove to be another breaking point in the Pugachev Uprising.
For the Cossacks elite, the glorious status within the empire came at the price of their old freedom in the 18th century. The advancement of agricultural settlements began to force the Cossacks to surrender their traditional nomadic ways and to adopt new forms of government. The government is steadily transforming the entire culture of the Cossacks. Peter the Great increased the service obligations for the Cossacks and mobilized their troops to fight in a distant war. Peter began to build non-Cossack troops in fortresses along the Iaik River, and in 1734 a government fort was built in Orenburg, giving the Cossacks a subordinate role in border defense. When Iaik Cossack sent a delegation to Peter to explain their grievances, Peter abandoned the Cossacks of their autonomous status and subjected them to War College rather than College of Foreign Affairs, establishing a change in the Cossacks from border patrols to military soldiers. For the next fifty years, the central government responded to Cossacks' complaints with arrests, caning, and exiles.
Under Catherine the Great, which began in 1762, the Russian peasants and the Cossacks once again faced increasing taxes, heavy military conscription, and grain shortages, as land characterized before the Razin uprising. Although Peter III had given freedom to former church serfs, freed them from obligations and payments to church authorities, and freed other peasants from slavery, Catherine did not follow through on these reforms. In 1767, the empress refused to accept direct complaints from the peasants. The farmers flee once again to the land of the Cossacks; in particular, the fugitive farmers set their goals for Iaik Host, whose people are committed to the old Cossack tradition. The changed government weighs on Cossack as well, extending its reach to reform the Cossacks tradition. Among the ordinary Cossacks, hatred of the elite and the central government was boiled, and in 1772 an open rebellion took place for six months between Iaik Cossack and the central government.
The low-key Emelian Pugachev, Don Cossack, arrived at the Iaik Hosts at the end of 1772 and claimed to be Peter III, deriving from the Cossacks' hope that Peter would be an effective ruler if he had not been murdered in his conspiracy. wife of Catherine II. Many Iaik Cossacks believe in Pugachev's claim, even though his closest people know the truth. Other people who may have known the truth but did not support Catherine II, due to Peter III's exile, still propagate Pugachev's claim as the ultimate emperor.
The first of the three phases of the Pugachev Uprising began in September 1773. The elite supporting cossacks constitute the first majority of prisoners taken by the rebels. After five months of the Orenburg siege, a military college became the headquarters of Pugachev. Pugachev began to imagine Tsardom Cossack, similar to Razin's vision of a unified Cossack republic. The peasants in Russia are stirred with rumors and listen to the manifesto issued by Pugachev. However, the Pugachev Uprising was soon considered an inevitable failure. Don Cossack refused to help the uprising in the last phase of the uprising because they knew military forces were following Pugachev immediately after lifting the siege of Orenburg and following the defeated Pugachev flight from Kazan. In September 1774, lieutenant Cossack Pugachev himself handed it to the government troops.
The Cossacks opposition to the centralization of political authority led them to participate in the Pugachev Uprising. Their defeat led the Cossacks elite to accept government reforms in the hope of gaining status in the aristocracy. The ordinary Cossacks must follow and abandon their traditions and freedoms.
In the Russian Empire
From the beginning, the Cossacks relationship with Tsardom Russia varied; sometimes they support Russian military operations, and on others do rebellions against central forces. After one of the revolts of the late 18th century, Russian forces destroyed the Zaporozhian Host. Many Cossacks chose to remain loyal to the King of Russia and continued their service then moved to Kuban. Others chose to continue the role of mercenary mercenaries by taking advantage of the large Danube Delta.
In the 19th century, the Russian Empire had annexed the territory of the host and controlled them by granting privilege for their services. At this time the Cossacks are serving as military forces in many wars by the Russian Empire. Cossacks are considered excellent for scouting and surveillance tasks, as well as conducting ambushes. Their tactics in open combat are generally lower than regular soldiers like the Dragoons. In 1840 the hosts included Don, Black Sea, Astrakhan, Little Russia, Azov, Danube, Ural, Stavropol, Mesherya, Orenburg, Siberia, Tobolsk, Tomsk, Yeniseisk, Irkutsk, Sabaikal, Yakutsk and Tartar. In the 1890s Ussuri, Semirechensk and Amur Cossack were added; the latter has an elite weapons regiment installed.
At the end of the 19th century, the Cossacks community enjoyed a privileged tax exempt status in the Russian Empire, even though they had a 20-year military service commitment (this was reduced to 18 years since 1909). They are active duty for five years, but can fulfill the rest of their obligations with the reserve. At the beginning of the 20th century, the Russian Cossacks troop totaled 4.5 million. They are organized as independent regional hosts, each made up of a number of regiments.
Treated as a separate and elite community by the Tsar, the Cossacks rewarded his government with strong loyalty. His government often used Cossack units to suppress domestic chaos, especially during the Russian Revolution of 1905. The Empire's rule depended heavily on the perceived reliability of the Cossacks. At the beginning of the 20th century, their decentralized and semi-feudal military services began to be deemed obsolete. The Russian Army Command, who had worked to professionalize his troops, thought the Cossacks were less disciplined, trained, and capable than the hussars, dragoons, and ordinary cavalry lancers. The quality of the Cossack initiative and the rough skills are not always fully appreciated. As a result, Cossack units are often broken down into small detachments to be used as spies, messengers or beautiful bodyguards.
Cossacks in World War I and February Revolution
At the outbreak of World War I, the Cossacks troops attached consisted of 38 regiments, plus several infantry battalions and 52 horseshoe artillery batteries. By 1916 their war power had expanded to 160 regiments plus 176 independent sotnias (squadrons), the latter being used as a separate unit. While about one-third of regular Russian cavalry troops descended in 1916 to serve as infantry, the Cossack arm was essentially unaffected by modernization.
During the early stages of the February Revolution of 1917, three Cossack regiments stationed in Saint Petersburg proved in the words of a senior officer to "be very lazy and hesitant" when assigned to support the overwhelmed police. While fewer than three thousand Cossacks reserves and new members from the poorer areas of the Don and Kuban region were involved, their (and especially ceremonial convoy ) delays came as psychological blows to Tsar authorities in the city and encourage defection from other units.
In the Russian Civil War that followed the October Revolution, various Cossacks tribe supported each side of the conflict. Cossacks form the core of the White Army, but many also fight with the Red Army. Some Cossacks units in Ukrainian services participate in pogroms against Jews in Ukraine. After the defeat of the White Army, the new Communist regime instituted a policy of violent suppression, called Decossackization, which happened to the surviving Cossacks and their homeland. In 2003, historian Shane O'Rourke announced finding documentary evidence that the Soviets had issued an order to destroy the Cossacks, and that "ten thousand Cossacks were systematically slaughtered in a few weeks in January 1919". He said this "is one of the major factors causing the disappearance of the Cossacks as a nation". During Decossackization, the new regime also divides the traditional Cossack Host land between the new Soviet republic and various non-Cossack autonomous republics. Cossacks are prohibited from serving in the Red Army.
The history of 21st century documents that hundreds of thousands of Cossacks were killed by the Soviet government during Decossackization. According to Michael Kort, "During 1919 and 1920, from a population of about 3 million, the Bolshevik regime killed or deported some 300,000 to 500,000 Cossacks", including 45,000 Terek Cossacks. The Denikin regime alleges that in 1918-19, 5,598 were executed in the Don provinces; 3,442 in Kuban; and 2,142 in Stavropol. Historian Leonid Futorianskiy has denied recent claims. He argues that during the previous White Terror of the Krasnov regime, between 25 and 40 thousand Cossacks were killed. The Cossack homeland is often very fertile. During the Soviet collectivization campaign in the 1930s, many Cossacks were killed or died of starvation, as did kulaks.
The 1932-33 Soviet famine, called the Holodomor by the Cossacks, affects people very hard. Ukraine, low Volga, Don, Kuban, and Terek region (North Caucasus) have a high casualty of famine. Famine causes a population decline of about 20-30% in these areas (population decline in rural areas, populated by ethnic Cossacks, even higher, as urban areas are less affected by hunger); Robert Conquest estimates the number of famine related deaths in the North Caucasus about 1 million. Government officials take over the grain and other crops of the rural Cossacks family, letting them starve and die. Many families were forced to leave their homes in the cold winter and froze to death - Mikhail Sholokhov's letters to Joseph Stalin documented widespread conditions and death, as well as witnesses.
In 1936, under pressure and appeal from the Cossacks community, the Soviet government lifted the Cossacks ban serving in the Red Army.
Second World War
During the Second World War, ethnic Cossacks fought on both sides of the conflict. Cossacks who emigrated to Britain and the United States served with their military forces. Many Cossacks joined the Resistance. Although some Cossacks join the German armed forces, they do so usually to defect either to western allies or to the Resistance, to free their colleagues and family members from Nazi work and Nazi concentration camps.
Most of the Cossacks fought against the Nazis in the ranks of the Red Army and Red Navy in all war theaters. Their service is very important in the Southern theater of the Eastern Front. They are used for frontal and logistical patrols in open grasslands (steppes), which they know well. The first Cossack unit was formed as early as 1936; in 1942 there were 17 units of the Cossacks corps in the Red Army (as opposed to two in the German army). Then these corps units grew larger and reduced to eight. Their differences in battle ultimately led to everybody deserving of being a Guard. Oka Gorodovikov formed 49 Cossack cavalry divisions during the war. Many ethnic Cossacks serve in other divisions of the Red Army and in the Navy, including Boris Shaposhnikov, Markian Popov, Aksel Berg, Arseniy Golovko, Oka Gorodovikov, Lev Dovator, Pavel Belov, General Dmitry Karbyshev, Dmitry Lavrinenko, pilot Grigory Bakhchivandzhi and Fedor engineers Tokarev. A Cossack detachment of the 4th Guard Corps lined up on Red Square during Moscow's Victory Parade in 1945.
A large number of Cossacks served with Germany, in response to the harsh oppression and genocide that their families experienced under the policies pursued by Joseph Stalin. Like other people from the Soviet Union who underwent persecution under Stalin, some Cossacks greeted the progressive Germans as liberators from Stalinism.
While some Cossacks in the German service are former White Army refugees or related to them, many Soviet citizens, including the Cossacks, who defected from the Red Army to join the "Cossacks unit" of the German armed forces. Native Cossacks usually serve as officers. In early 1941, the German leadership formed the first Cossack detachment of prisoners of war, defectors and volunteers. The Montenegrin Battalion formed from Don Cossack in December 1941 was reorganized on 30 July 1942 into the Pavlov Regiment, with up to 350 people. Germany used Cossacks for anti-partisan activities behind German troops.
The National Liberation Movement Cossack hopes to get an independent Cossack state, called Cossackia, after the war. In 1943, after the Cossack 1 Division was formed under the command of General Helmuth von Pannwitz, the Cossack ÃÆ'Â © migrÃÆ'Â © s like Andrei Shkuro and Pyotr Krasnov took the lead position in the movement. The 2nd Cossack Division, under the command of Colonel Hans-Joachim von Schultz, was formed in 1944, there for a year. Both Cossacks divisions were made part of the XV Cavalry Corps Cossack, which numbered about 25,000 people. They were wearing regular Wehrmacht uniforms and not the Waffen-SS, as they have sometimes been mistaken. Although in 1944 General von Pannwitz received a loose affiliation with the Waffen-SS to gain access to their supply of weapons and superior equipment, together with control over the Cossacks unit in France, no SS pagan features were ever implemented in honor of Christianity. Cossacks and Corps command, structure, uniform, rank, etc. Stay strong Wehrmacht.
The corps contained regiments from various Cossack groups, the Don, Kuban, Terek and Siberian Cossacks who have fought Tito guerrillas in the former Yugoslavia. At the end of the 1945 war, they conducted a north-east battle retreat across the Karavanken Mountains to Carinthia, where they surrendered to the British Army in Allied-controlled Austria. They hope to join the British against Communism. By the time the Cossacks were seen as Nazi collaborators and they were reported to have committed atrocities against insurgents in Eastern Europe. As part of Operation Keelhaul, the British returned the Cossacks captives to Russia.
On May 28, 1945, it was said that they would be resettled in Canada or Australia, the Cossacks were transferred to the SMERSH custody line at the Soviet demarcation line in Judenburg. Also included in the transfer was a civilian member of Stan Kazachi, consisting of elderly, women, and children, as well as about 850 German officers and non-commissioner Corps officers. At the end of the war, the British returned between 40 and 50,000 Cossacks, including military families, to the Soviet Union. Many of those reportedly never became Soviet citizens. Unknown numbers are then executed or imprisoned. This episode is widely known as the Betrayal of the Cossacks.
Modern time
After the war, the Cossacks unit, along with the cavalry in general, was considered obsolete and released from the Soviet Army. In the postwar years many of the descendants of the Cossacks were regarded as simple farmers, and those who lived in an autonomous republic usually gave way to certain minorities and migrated elsewhere (mainly, to the Baltic region).
During the Soviet Union's Perestroika era of the late 1980s, many of Cossack's descendants became enthusiastic about reviving their national traditions. In 1988 the Soviet Union passed a law enabling the formation of a new host and a new creation. The greatest allaman, All-Mighty Don Host, is given the rank of Marshal and the right to form a new host.
At the same time, much effort was made to increase the Cossacks' impact on Russian society and throughout the 1990s many local governments agreed to submit some local administrative and police duties to the Cossacks.
According to the 2002 population census of Russia, there are 140,028 people who currently identify themselves as ethnic Cossacks, while at the same time, between 3.5 and 5 million people associate themselves with the identity of the Cossacks in post-Soviet Russia and around the world.
Cossacks has taken an active part in many of the conflicts that have occurred since the disintegration of the Soviet Union: the Transnistria War, the Georgia-Abkhazia conflict, the Georgian-Ossetian conflict, the First Chechen War and the Second Chechen War, and 2014 pro-Russian riots in Ukraine and the ensuing Wars in Donbass.
Genetic evidence
A 2010 genetic study showed that 210 Cossacks of the Caucasus were distributed among the following Y-DNA haplogroups:
Other haplogroups are present at lower frequencies.
A 2008 study showed that 90 Kuban Cossacks were distributed among the following Y-DNA haplogroups:
Culture and organization
In the early days an ataman (later called hetman) ordered a Cossack band. He was elected by members of the tribe in the Cossack Rada, as well as other important band officials: judges, clerks, lower officials, and clerics. The symbol of power ataman is a ceremonial robe, a bulava . Today, the Russian Cossacks are led by Ataman, and the Ukrainian Cossacks by Hetmans.
After the Ukrainian split along the Dnieper River by Andrusovo-Polish-Russian Treaty in 1667, the Ukrainian Cossacks was known as Left-bank and Cossack Right-bank.
The ataman has executive powers, and in times of war, he is the supreme commander in the field. The legislative power is granted to the Band Assembly ( Rada ). The senior officers are called starshyna . Without a written law, the Cossacks are governed by the "Cossack Tradition" - an unwritten common law.
The Cossacks and government are highly militarized. This nation is called the host ( vois'ko , or viys'ko , translated as 'soldier'). People and territories are divided into regimental and corporate districts, and village posts ( polky , sotni , and stanytsi ). One unit of Cossack troop can be called kuren .
Each Cossack settlement, alone or together with a neighboring settlement, forms a military unit and a light cavalry regiment (or infantry installed in the Siberian Cossack case). They can respond to threats with very short notice.
High respect for education is a tradition among the Cossacks of Ukraine. In 1654, when Patriarch Antioch, Makarios, traveled to Moscow via Ukraine, his son, Deacon Paul Allepscius, wrote the following report:
Throughout the country of Rus', that is, among the Cossacks, we have noticed the amazing features that amaze us; all, with the exception of only a few of them, even the majority of their wives and daughters, can read and know the order of church ministries and church melodies. In addition, their priests keep and educate orphaned children, not letting them roam the streets that are ignorant and unattended.
Settlements
The Russian Cossacks established many settlements (called stanitsas) and fortresses along the troublesome border. These include Verny fort (Almaty, Kazakhstan) in southern Central Asia; Grozny in the North Caucasus; Fort Alexandrovsk (Fort Shevchenko, Kazakhstan); Krasnovodsk (Turkmenbashi, Turkmenistan); Novonikolayevskaya stanitsa (Bautino, Kazakhstan); Blagoveshchensk; and cities and settlements along the Ural, Ishim, Irtysh, Ob, Yenisei, Lena, Amur, Anadyr (Chukotka) and Ussuri Rivers. A group of Albazin Cossacks settled in China since 1685.
Cossacks interact with local people, and exchange cultural influences (for example, Terek Cossack is strongly influenced by North Caucasian culture). They also often marry local residents (settlers and native non-Cossacks), regardless of race or origin, sometimes excluding religious restrictions. War brides brought from a distant land are also common in the Cossacks family. General Bogaevsky, a commander in the Russian Volunteer Army, mentions in his 1918 memoir that one of his Cossacks, Sotnik Khoperski, was a native Chinese who was brought back as a child of Manchuria during the 1904-1905 Russian-Japanese War; the Cossacks family adopted and raised it.
Family life
The Cossacks family values ​​as expressed in 21st-century Russia are simple, rigid, and seem very traditional compared to contemporary western culture. In theory, men build homes and provide income; the women take care of the family and provide for the children and the household. Traditional Russian, cultural and Orthodox Christian values ​​form the basis of their beliefs.
The Cossacks, especially those living in rural areas, tend to have more children than most others in Russia. Rural Cossacks often have traditional kinship systems; they live in large clans of extended families. It is led by an older patriarch, usually a grandfather, who often has the title of Ataman .
Historically, when the male Cossacks perpetrated a permanent war at great distances from their homes, the women took over the role of family leader. They are also called to physically defend their village and city from enemy attacks. In some cases, they raided and disarmed neighboring villages of other ethnic groups. Writer Leo Tolstoy describes the chauvinism of Cossacks women in his novel Cossacks.
Mother Sergei Korolev is the daughter of a civil housing leader Zaporozhian Sich. When the Malosossian Cossack regiment has been disbanded, the Cossacks who are not promoted to nobility or do not join other plantations are united into Cossack's civilian land, just like the Korolev family.
Popular images
Cossacks have long attracted romance as their ideal freedom and opposition to external authority, and their military exploitation of their enemies has contributed to this lucrative image.
For others, the Cossacks have become a symbol of oppression for their role in suppressing popular uprisings in the Russian Empire, their actions during the Khmelnytsky Rebellion from 1648-1657 and for their role in pogroms, conducted by Terek Cossack during the Russian revolution, and by various Cossack atats in Ukraine in 1919, such as ataman Zeleny, Grigoriev, and Semosenko.
Cossack's cultural literary reflection abounds in Russian, Ukrainian and Polish literature, especially in the works of Nikolai Gogol Taras Bulba, Taras Shevchenko, Mikhail Sholokhov, Henryk Sienkiewicz ( With Fire and Sword ). One of Leo Tolstoy's novel novels, The Cossacks, describes their autonomy and estrangement from Moscow and from centralized rules. Most Romantic Romance literature deals with the theme of the Cossacks. (Roman Catholics, mainly Poles, could have been Zaporozhian Cossacks until 1635. Many of the Polish Schahta had no land converted to Eastern Orthodoxy to divide Ruthenian Schlahta land along with the Cossacks during the Khmelnitsky uprising.After this Cossack was used to convert Poland, mainly Polish children to Eastern Orthodoxy to turn it into a Cossack.Many Polish and Polish Jewish children were adopted into the Cossacks family. All Poles caught by hand by Russian troops in the 1812-1814 campaign were enrolled in the Cossack Hosts for 25 years, albeit without the obligation to convert to Eastern Orthodoxy However, those who enter the Eastern Orthodox may escape from the Cossacks service and from other exiles.Thus "Polish Cossacks" became synonymous with Roman Catholic patriots from 1814.
In Western European literature, Cossacks appear in Lord Byron's "Mazepa", Tennyson's "The Charge of the Light Brigade", and Richard Connell's short story "The Most Dangerous Game". In many stories by adventure writer Harold Lamb, his main character is Cossack.
Historiography can interpret Cossackdom in imperial and colonial terms.
In Ukraine, where Cossackdom represents historical and cultural relics, some people have begun trying to re-create the image of the Ukrainian Cossacks. Traditional Ukrainian culture is often associated with the Cossacks, and the Ukrainian government actively supports these efforts. Traditional Cossacks bulawa serves as a symbol of the presidency of Ukraine, and the island of Khortytsia, the origin and center of Zaporozhian Sich, has been restored.
Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, many have begun to see the Russian Cossacks as defenders of Russian sovereignty. Cossacks not only rebuild all their hosts, they also take over the police and even administrative duties in their homeland. The Russian military also made use of patriotic feelings among the Cossacks and as hosts became larger and more organized; in the past has altered some of its surplus technology to them. Equally, the Cossacks also play a large cultural role in Southern Russia. Since rural ethnic Russians in the Rostov-on-Don region, Krasnodar and Stavropol, as well as from the autonomous republics of the North Caucasus, consider themselves to be almost exclusively composed of at least the spiritual offspring of the Cossacks, this region has a reputation, even in Soviet times, because of his high discipline, low crime and conservative views. Such areas have a high level of religious presence and literacy.
Ratings
The Russian Empire organized its Cossacks into several vizkos (hosts), who lived along the Russian border, or the internal border between people
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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