Transport is a wheeled vehicle for people, usually horses; litters and sedan chairs are excluded, as they are wheelless vehicles. This train is designed specifically for private passenger use, although some are also used for transporting goods. Common passenger vehicles are usually not called trains - terms for that matter include stagecoach, charabanc and omnibus. It may be light, smart and fast or heavy, large and comfortable or luxurious. Wagons usually have a suspension using leaf springs, elliptical springs (in the 19th century) or leather binders. Vehicles that work like carts (wheel four) and (two wheelers) share important parts of the history of the train, as well as fast trains (two wheels).
Video Carriage
Ikhtisar
The word train (abbreviated carr or cge ) comes from Old Northern French cariage taken in vehicles. The word car , which means a kind of two-wheeled cart for goods, also comes from Old Northern French about the beginning of the 14th century; It was also used for railroad carriages, and was extended to cover cars around the late nineteenth century, when the initial model was called a train without a horse .
A train is sometimes called a team , as in "horses and teams". The car with its horse is rig . An elegant chariot with its waitresses is gear . Cars along with horses, harnesses, and helper are picks or setouts . A carriage procession is cavalcade .
Maps Carriage
History
Prehistory
Several horsecarts found in Celtic graves show clues that their platforms are suspended elastically. The four-wheeled carts are used in prehistoric Europe, and their known form of excavation shows that basic wheel construction techniques and undercarriage (which lasted until the age of the car) were established later.
Chariot
The earliest type of train was recorded as a horse-drawn carriage, reaching Mesopotamia as early as 1900 BC. Usually used for warfare by Egyptians, near East and Europe, basically a two-wheeled basin carries one or two passengers, drawn by one to two horses. The train is revolutionary and effective because it sends new soldiers into battle areas crucially with speed.
Roman train
First-century Romans BC using trains popping up for a road trip. It is likely that Roman trains use some form of suspension on chains or leather straps, as shown by the part of the carriages found in excavations.
Ancient Chinese Train
In the Zhou Dynasty kingdom, Warring States were also known to have used carriages as transport. With the decline of these civilizations these techniques are almost gone.
Medieval train
Medieval trains are typically four-wheeled carts, with rounded tops ('tilts') similar to the known Wagon Conestoga of the United States. Sharing the traditional forms of wheels and undercarriage known since the Bronze Age, it is also possible to use a spinning axle in the continuity of the ancient world. Suspensions (on chains) are recorded in visual images and written accounts of the 14th century ('chars branlant', and were used extensively in the 15th century. The carriages are mostly used by nobles, nobles (and especially by women), and can be elaborately decorated and plated. The carriages are on four wheels often and drawn by two to four horses depending on how they are decorated (intricate decorations with gold coating make the train heavier). Wood and iron are the main requirements needed to build the cars and carriages used by non-royalty covered by ordinary leather.
Another form of train is a 14th century contest outlet. Historians argue about the structure and size of a cable car; However, they are generally structures such as miniature houses that rely on four to six wheels depending on the size of the cart. The contest wagon is important because up to the 14th century most chariots are in two or three wheels; Cable cars, carriages and strollers are two examples of carriages that prioritize wagons. Historians also debated whether countercar was built with an important shaft system, which allowed the wheel to spin. Whether it's a four or six wheel wirbaga train, most historians maintain that an important shaft system is applied to cable cars because of the many frequent winding roads with some sharp turns. The six wheel counters also represent another innovation in the carriage; they are one of the first carriages to use some important axis. Important shafts are used on the front set of wheels and set of center wheels. This allows the horse to move freely and direct the train according to the road or path.
Coach
One of the major innovations of carriages was the discovery of a suspended carriage or branlant train (though whether this is a Roman or medieval innovation is still uncertain). The 'train branlant' medieval illustration is suspended by a chain rather than a leather strap as it is believed. The chain provides a smoother ride on the train branlant train because the compartment is no longer in the back axle. In the 15th century, the carriages were made lighter and needed only one horse to transport the train. The train was designed and innovated in Hungary. Both innovations emerge around the same time and historians believe that people start comparing branlant trains and Hungarian light coaches. However, the earliest illustrations of the Hungarian 'Kochi-wagon' show no suspension, and often the use of three horses in a suit of armor.
Under King Mathias Corvinus (1458-90), who enjoys a fast journey, the Hungarian develop rapid road transport, and the city of Kocs between Budapest and Vienna becomes an important postal city, and gives his name to a new type of vehicle. The Hungarian coach is highly praised for being able to hold 8 people, using lightweight wheels, can be pulled only by one horse (may have been suspended by a leather strap, but this is a topic of debate). In the end the Hungarian coach was the one who produced a bigger conversation rumor than the branlant train from France because his journey was much smoother. Since then, the Hungarian coach has spread throughout Europe quite quickly, in part because of Ippolito d'Este of Ferrara (1479-1529), the nephew of queen Mathias Beatrix of Aragon, who as a very junior archbishop Esztergom develops the desire to ride Hungary and take the carriage and the driver returned to Italy. Around 1550 'trainers' appeared in all the major cities of Europe, and the new word entered the vocabulary of all their languages. However, this new 'trainer' seems to be a concept (fast journey for men) as many as certain types of vehicles, and no real change accompanies innovation. As it moved throughout Europe at the end of the 16th century, the trainer's body structure finally changed, from hopper upward to 'four poster' carriages standard by c.1600.
Next trainer development
The coach has a door on the side, with an iron step that is protected by a leather that becomes a "shoe" where the waiters may ride. The driver sits in the front seat, and the most important occupant sits in the back facing forward. The earliest coaches can be seen in Veste Coburg, Lisbon, and the Moscow Kremlin, and they become commonplace in European art. New to the 17th century further innovations with steel and glass springs occur, and only in the 18th century, with better road surfaces, there is great innovation with the introduction of C-spring steels.
New in the 18th century the steering system was really improved. Erasmus Darwin is a young British doctor who rides about 10,000 miles a year to visit patients throughout the UK. Darwin found two important problems or disadvantages of commonly used light trains or Hungarian wagons. First, the front wheels are rotated by a rotating axle, which has been used for years, but these wheels are often quite small and hence riders, trains and horses feel the burden of every bump in the road. Second, he recognizes the dangers of somersaults.
The rotating front axis transforms the transport base from the rectangle to the triangle because the inner wheel of the turn is capable of rotating more sharply than the outer front wheel. Darwin proposes to correct this insufficiency by proposing a principle in which two front wheels rotate around the center that lie on the extended line of the rear axle. This idea was later patented as Ackerman Steering. Darwin argued that the carriages would then be easier to withdraw and tend not to be reversed.
The use of trains in North America came with the establishment of European settlers. The early colonial horse trail quickly grew into a path especially when the colonists expanded their territory to the southwest. The colonists started using the wagon when the road and trade were rising between north and south. Finally, coaches or coaches are sought to transport goods as well as people. As in Europe, trains, trains and/or carriages are a sign of status. The tobacco growers of the South were some of the first Americans to use trains as a form of human transportation. As the tobacco farming industry grows in the southern colonies, so does the frequency of hoppers, carriages, and trains. At the turn of the use of 18th century wheeled vehicles in the colonies was at an all-time high point. Coaches, coaches and carriages are taxed on the number of wheels they have. These taxes are applied in the South mainly because the South has more horses and wheel vehicles than the North. Europeans, however, still use train transportation much more frequently and on a much larger scale than anywhere else in the world.
The coaches and coaches began to disappear because the use of steam propulsion began to generate more interest and research. Steam power quickly won the battle against animal powers as evidenced by a newspaper article written in England in 1895 entitled "Horseflesh vs. Steam". This article highlights the death of the train as a means of transportation.
Currently, the carriages are still used for daily transportation in the United States by some minority groups like the Amish. They are also still used in tourism as vehicles for sightseeing in cities like Bruges, Vienna, New Orleans, and Little Rock, Arkansas.
The most complete collection of trains can be seen at the Royal Mews in London where a large selection of vehicles are commonly used. This is supported by the caring coachmen, footman, and postillions staff. The horses get their support by supporting Royal Household work, especially during ceremonial events. The horses pulled on a large train known as "closed brakes" collected Yeoman of the Guard in their distinctive red uniform from St. James's Palace for Investitures at Buckingham Palace; High Commissioners or Ambassadors are encouraged to their audience with The Queen in landaus; visiting heads of state were transported to and from the official arrival ceremony and members of the Royal Family were encouraged in the Royal Mews coach during Trooping the Color, the Garter Order service at Windsor Castle and the early train procession every day from Royal Ascot.
Construction
Body
Carriages can be closed or open, depending on the type. The top cover for the carriage body, called head or hood, is often flexible and designed to be folded back when desired. The top of this fold is called bellow top or calash . A chopsticks forms a light framing member for this type of hood. The top compartment, roof or second floor of the covered carriage, especially persistence, is referred to as imperial . The closed carriage may have a side window called quarter lamp (English) as well as the window on the door, then the "glass coach". At the front of the open carriage, a wooden or leather screen called the dashboard cuts water, mud or snow thrown by the heels of the horses. The dashboard or carriage holder sometimes has a projection lens called the wing (English). An iron foot or footplate can serve as a train step.
Motorists are seated in boxes or perch , usually high and small. When on the front is known as a box of
The cart shaft is called limbers in the English dialect. Lancewood , elastic hardwood from various trees, often used primarily for carriage rail. A holdback , which consists of an iron lever on the shaft with a circular rope, allowing the horse to retreat or hold the vehicle. The tip of the train's tongue is hanging from the collar of armor by a bar called the yellow . At the end of the trail, a loop called cockeye attaches itself to the train.
In some types of carriages, the body is suspended from several leather bands called braces or rough skin , attached or functioning as spring.
Undergear
Under the body of the train is undercarriage undercarriage or (or just carriage ), which consists of running gear and chassis. Wheels and axles, in the difference from the body, are running fixtures . The wheels rotate on a bearing or axle at the end of a rod or beam called a pivot or axletree . Most carriages have one or two axles. On a four-wheeled vehicle, the front of the running gear, or forecarriage , is set to allow the front axle to rotate independently of the fixed rear axle. In some wagons, 'down axle', it is bent twice at right angles near the end, allowing the lower body with large wheels. A guard called dirtboard keeps the dirt from the axle arm.
Some structural members form sections of the chassis that support the body of the carriage. The front axletree and the splinter bar above it (supporting the spring) are united by a piece of wood or metal called futchel , which forms a socket for a pole extending from the front axle. For strength and support, a rod called backstay can extend from either end of the rear axle to the range, pole or rod connecting the rear axle to the front bolsters over the front axle.
A skid called drag , dragshoe , shoes or skidpan slows wheel motion. The London Patent of 1841 describes one such device: An iron beam, slightly longer than the spokes of a wheel, hinged beneath the shaft so that when released to the ground, the momentum forwards the vehicle into the axle. The original feature of this modification is that, instead of the usual practice of stopping the train to retract light and lose useful momentum, the chain that holds it is released (from the driver's position) so it is allowed to rotate further toward the rear, release the axis. The "pendant lever" and string system then allow the beam to return to the first position and ready for further use.
A catch or block called trigger can be used to hold the wheel on the slope.
The horizontal wheel or wheel segment so-called fifth wheel sometimes forms an extended support to prevent transport from tipping; It consists of two parts that rotate each other about the kingbolt above the front axle and under the body. A wooden block called a headblock may be placed between the fifth wheel and the spring forward.
Supplies
- Upholstery
- Train lights
Type
Horse traps or horse traps
The trap of , horse traps or horse traps is a light, often sporty, horse-drawn or sometimes four-wheeled horse wagon, up to four people in a variety of seating arrangements, such as face-to-face or back-to-back.
Tonga/tanga (horse carriage of India)
A tanga (Hindi: ?????, Urdu: ?????, Bengali: ??????) or Tonga is a horse drawn drawing which is used for transportation in India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. Tangas are a popular mode of transportation because they are fun to drive, and are usually cheaper to rent than taxis or rickshaws. However, in many cities, seats are not allowed to use roads because of their slow speed. In Pakistan, the stature is primarily found in older parts of towns and cities, and is becoming less popular for utilitarian and more popular journeys for fun. Tangas has become a traditional feature of marriage and other social functions in Pakistan, as well as in other countries. They are usually drawn by two horses, though some require only one horse. Others are designed for agricultural work. The space under the seat is sometimes used by the coachman (locally called "coach-waan") to keep his horse food and sometimes to keep the suitcase if needed.
Tangas are used for economic activities, especially for carrying heavy items within the city limits.
Tangas was the most common means of transportation in India and urban Pakistan until the early 1980s. Although autorickshaw has surpassed their popularity, the tangas are still common today in many towns and villages.
Volante
Volante is a two-wheeled Spanish carriage, one or two passengers previously used in Cuba. The shaft is behind the open and hooded body. The car is driven by a rider.
Arabian
An araba (from Arabic: ????, araba or Turkish: araba ) (Also arba or aroba ) are carriages (such as cabriolet or trainer), carts or carts drawn by horses or oxen, used in Turkey and neighboring countries The middle East. Usually heavy and without springs, and often closed.
The names of many of these have now gone through obscurity but some have been adopted to illustrate the automotive body's body style: coupÃÆ' ©, victoria, brougham, landau and landaulet , cabriolet (give us our taxi ), phaeton, and limousines - all of these have shown the type of special carriage.
Miscellany
Someone whose business is riding a car is a coachman . A servant in a service called a horse-guard or piquer who previously served a motorist or had to run in front of his employer's carriage to clear the road. An officer on a horse called upstream often rides in front of or next to the train. A carriage starter directs the flow of vehicles that take passengers by the side of the road. A hackneyman hires a horse and carriage. When peddling goods, a snack is often aided by trains.
The upmarket people of wealth and social position, those who are rich enough to keep the carriage, are referred to as the public carriage or car trade .
Car passengers often use the lap robe as a blanket or similar cover for their legs, laps, and legs. A buffalo robe , made of American bison leather decorated with hair, sometimes used as a carriage; it is usually trimmed into a rectangular shape and coated on the side of the skin with a cloth. A carriage boot , which is trimmed with fur for winter clothes, is usually made of a cloth with a feather layer or felt. A boot knee protects your knees from rain or splashes.
Horses bred especially for use by stylish looks and action are called horse carriage horses ; one for road use is horse streets . One such type is Cleveland Bay , uniform color, good conformation and strong constitution. The horses are broken using a bodyless train frame called break or brake .
Car dog or dog trainer is propagated to run alongside the car.
A roofed structure that extends from the entrance of a building above the adjacent driveway and that the callers of the shelter as they enter or exit their vehicle are known as the carriage homepage or > porte cochere . An additional building for the train is the coach house , which is often combined with accommodation for the groom or other waiter.
A livery stable carries a horse and is usually a carriage for rent. Various stables, usually with a carriage house ( mussels ) and a dwelling built around a yard, field or street, are called mews .
A kind of dynamometer called the peirameter indicates the force required to transport the train over the road or path.
Driving competitive
In most European countries and English speaking, driving is a competitive equestrian sport. Many horses show the driving competition of the host for a particular style of driving, horse type, or type of vehicle. Show vehicles usually carriages, carts, or trains and, sometimes, sulkies or carts. The high-tech modern carriages are made purely for competition by companies like Bennington Carriages. in England. Terminology varies: simple and light two-and-four-wheel show vehicles common in many countries are called "trains" in the US, but "trains" in Australia.
Internationally, there is intense competition in thorough driving test: combined driving, also known as horse driving experiment, riding discipline arranged by FÃÆ' © dà © à © ration ÃÆ' â € ° questre Internationale (International) Equestrian Federation) with national organizations representing each member country. The world championships are performed in a few years, including single horses, horse pairs, and four-hand championships. The World Equestrian Games, held at four-year intervals, also includes a four-in-hand competition.
For pony drivers, World Combined Pony Championships are held every two years and include singles, pairs and four-in-hand events.
Type of horse carriage
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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