Hunting is the practice of killing or trapping animals, or chasing or tracking them down for the purpose of doing so. Hunting wildlife or wild animals is most often done by humans for food, recreation, to eliminate predators that are harmful to humans or pets, or to trade. Legitimate hunting is distinguished from hunting, that is, illegal killings, the capture or capture of the hunted species. Hunted species are called games or prey and are usually mammals and birds.
Hunting can also be a means of pest control. Hunting supporters suggest that hunting can be an important component of modern wildlife management, for example, to help maintain healthy animal populations in the carrying capacity of ecological environments when natural examinations such as predators are absent or very rare. However, excessive hunting also greatly contributes to the danger, extinction and extinction of many animals.
Pursuing, catching and releasing, or catching fish food is called fishing, which is not commonly categorized as a form of poaching. It is also not considered hunting to chase animals without intent to kill them, such as in wildlife photography, bird watching, or scientific research activities involving tranquilizers or marking of animals or birds. The practice of finding food or gathering ingredients from plants and fungi is also considered separate from hunting.
Intelligent tracking and acquisition of incomprehensible targets has resulted in hunting words used in everyday language as metaphors, such as in treasure hunts, "cheap hunting," and even "hunting down" corruption and waste.
Video Hunting
Etimologi
The hunting word works well as a noun ("for hunting") and a verb. The noun has been dated to the beginning of the 12th century, "the pursuit of the game," from the verb hunting . Old English has huntung , huntoÃÆ'¾ . The significance of "a group of people associated with hunting with a group of dogs" was first noted in the 1570s. The meaning of "the act of seeking someone or something" is from about 1600.
Verbs, Ancient English hunts "for the pursuit of the game" (transitive and intransitive), may be developed from the hunta "hunter," "stop" "to grab," from Proto-Germanic huntojan (source also from Gothic Maps Hunting
History
Lebih Rendah ke Paleolitik Tengah
Hunting has a long history. It precedes the emergence of Homo sapiens (modern humans anatomically) and may even precede the genus of Homo .
The earliest indisputable evidence for hunting dates to the Early Pleistocene, consistent with the emergence and initial deployment of Homo erectus, about 1.7 million years ago (Acheulean). While it is undeniable that Homo erectus is a hunter, this importance is for the emergence of Homo erectus from ancestral australopithecine, including the production of stone tools and finally fire control. , is emphasized in the so-called "hunting hypothesis" and is not emphasized in scenarios that emphasize omnivory and social interaction.
There is no direct evidence to hunt ahead of Homo erectus , either Homo habilis or in Australopithecus . Early hominid human ancestors were probably frugivores or omnivores, with partial carnivorous diets from scavenging rather than hunting. Evidence for the consumption of australopithecine meat was presented in the 1990s. It is, however, often assumed that at least occasional hunting behavior may have existed before the advent of Homo . It is arguable on the basis of comparison with chimpanzees, the closest remaining human relatives, also involved in hunting, suggesting that behavioral traits may have been present in the last common ancestor of human chimpanzees as early as 5 million years ago. Common chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes are regularly involved in troop predation behavior in which a group of beta men is led by alpha men.Bobobos ( Pan paniscus ) have also been observed for sometime - sometimes involved in group hunting, though less frequently than Pan troglodytes, especially living on fruit-eating patterns Indirect evidence for Oldowan hunting, early Homo or late < i> Australopithecus , was presented in a 2009 study based on the Oldowan site in southwestern Kenya.
Louis Binford (1986) criticized the idea that early hominids and early humans were hunters. On the basis of analysis of the remains of animal skeletons consumed, he concluded that hominids and early humans were mostly carcass eaters, not hunters, Blumenschine (1986) proposed the idea of ​​confrontational waste, which involves challenges. and frighten other predators after they commit murder, which he suggests could be the main method to get protein-rich meat by early humans.
The stone spear end dates dated 500,000 years ago found in South Africa. However, wood does not survive well, and Craig Stanford, a primatologist and professor of anthropology at the University of Southern California, has suggested that discovery of spear use by chimpanzees may mean that early humans used wooden spears as well, perhaps, five million years ago. The earliest discovery dates from wooden hunting spears survived to the end of Lower Paleolithic, just before 300,000 years ago. Schönningen's Spear, discovered in 1976 in Germany, is associated with Homo heidelbergensis .
The hunting hypothesis sees the emergence of behavioral modernity in Central Paleolithic which is directly related to hunting, including mating behavior, language, culture, and religion formation, mythology and animal sacrifice.
Upper Paleolithic to Mesolithic
There is evidence that hunting may be one of several environmental factors that lead to the extinction of the Holocene from megafauna and its successors by smaller herbivores. The extinction of the North American megafauna is incidental with the impact of the Younger Dryas event, possibly making hunting a less important factor in the disappearance of prehistoric species than previously thought. However, in other locations such as Australia, humans are considered to play a very important role in the extinction of the widespread Australian megafauna prior to human occupation.
Hunting is an important component of hunter-gatherer societies prior to livestock domestication and agricultural dawning, beginning about 11,000 years ago in some parts of the world. In addition to the spears, the hunting weapons developed during Upper Paleolithic include atlatl (thrower throws, before 30,000 years ago) and bows (18,000 years ago). By Mesolithic, the hunting strategy has diversified with the development of weapons beyond its reach and dog domestication some 15,000 years ago. The evidence puts the earliest mammoth hunt in Asia with a spear about 16,200 years ago.
Many animal species have been hunted throughout history. It has been argued that in North America and Eurasia, caribou and wild deer "may be the most important species throughout the anthropological literature on hunting" (see also Reindeer Age), although differences of interest from different species depend on geographic location.
The lifestyle of mesolithic hunters remains prevalent in parts of America, Sub-Saharan Africa, and Siberia, as well as throughout Australia, until the European Age of Discovery. They still survive in some tribal societies, albeit in rapid decline. The people who preserved Paleolithic hunting gathering up until the past included some indigenous peoples of Amazonas (Achà © Å ©), some Central and Southern Africans (San people), some from New Guinea (Fayu), Mlabri from Thailand and Laos, People Vedda people in Sri Lanka, and a handful of uncontaminated people. In Africa, one of the remaining hunter-gatherer tribes is Hadza Tanzania.
Neolithic and Antiquity
Even when animal domestication becomes relatively extensive and after agricultural development, hunting is usually a significant contributor to human food supplies. Meat and additional ingredients from hunting include protein, bone for equipment, muscles for the straps, feathers, fur, raw skin and leather used in clothing.
Hunting is still vital in marginal climates, especially those not suitable for pastoral or agricultural use. For example, the Inuit people trap the Arctic and hunt animals for clothing and use the skin of marine mammals to make kayaks, clothing, and footwear.
In ancient reliefs, especially from Mesopotamia, kings were often described as great game hunters such as lions and often depicted as hunting from chariots. The cultural and psychological interest in hunting in ancient societies is represented by gods such as the horned Cernunnos god and the ancient moon goddess of classics, Greek Artemis or Roman Diana. Taboo is often associated with hunting, and the mythological association of prey species with divinity can be reflected in hunting restrictions such as reserves around the temple. Euripides's account of Artemis and Actaeon, for example, can be seen as a warning against disrespect for prey or boasting.
With domestication of dogs, birds of prey, and civets, various forms of animal hunting are being developed, including venery, hound hunting, hawks and ferrets. While these are all related to medieval hunting, over time, various breeds of dogs are selected for the most precise tasks during the hunt, reflected in names such as bookmarks and tuners.
Rural and agricultural society
Even when agriculture and livestock become more prevalent, poaching often remains part of the human culture in which the environment and social conditions are permissible. The hunter-gatherer society persists, even when it is increasingly restricted in the periphery. And in agricultural systems, hunting is done to kill animals that prey on pets and wild animals or to try to destroy animals seen by humans as competition for resources such as water or food.
As hunting moves from subsistence activity to social activity, two trends emerge:
- the development of a specialist hunter role, with specialized training and equipment
- joint hunting options as "sports" for those from the upper social class
The meaning of the word game in Central England evolved to include the animals being hunted. As the game becomes more luxurious than it needs, the style pursuit also becomes a luxury. Malicious hunting, such as lions or wild boars, often performed on horses or from trains, has similar functions to tournaments and sports. Hunting is classified as an honorable and somewhat competitive hobby to help the aristocracy skills of war in peacetime.
In much of medieval Europe, the upper classes gained the sole right to hunt in certain areas of the feudal territory. Games in this area are used as a source of food and feathers, often provided through professional hunters, but it is also expected to provide a form of recreation for the aristocracy. The importance of this exclusive game view can be seen in the legend of Robin Hood, where one of the main accusations against criminals is that they "hunted the King's deer". Instead, the settlers in the Anglophone colony reverberated democratically in the hunt for all.
In the Middle Ages of Europe, hunting was considered by Johannes Scotus Eriugena to be part of a series of seven mechanical artifacts.
Dog use
Although various other animals have been used to help hunters, such as weasels, the dog has taken many useful uses that are very important for hunters. Dogging of dogs has led to a symbiotic relationship in which the independence of dogs from humans is suspended. Although dogs can survive independently of humans, and in many cases, like wild dogs, where starvation is not a major factor, this species tends to be subject to human control in place of shelter, food and support.
Dogs are currently used to search, chase, take, and sometimes to kill the game. The hunting dogs allow humans to chase and kill prey that would otherwise be very difficult or dangerous to hunt. Different dog breeds are used for different types of hunting. Waterfowl is usually hunted by taking dogs such as Labrador Retriever, Golden Retriever, Chesapeake Bay Retriever, Brittany Spaniel, and other similar races. Bird games are watered out using flushing spaniels such as the English Springer Spaniel, various Cocker Spaniels and similar breeds.
Hunting of wild mammals in England and Wales with dogs is banned under the 2004 Hunting Act. Wild mammals include foxes, rabbits, deer and mink. However, hunting with dogs is allowed, where it is done in accordance with one of the exceptions in the Act.
Religion
Many prehistoric gods are described as predators or human prey, often in the form of zoomorphic, probably referring to the importance of hunting for most of the Palaeolithic cultures.
In many pagan religions, special rituals are performed before or after the hunt; the rituals performed may vary according to the species being hunted or the hunting season takes place. Often hunting, or hunting for one or more species, is protected or prohibited in the context of the temple cult.
Indian and Eastern Religions
The Hindu script describes hunting as an acceptable work, as well as a king's sport. Even sacred figures are described to be involved in the hunt. One of the names of Lord Shiva is Mrigavyadha, which translates as "deer hunter" ( mriga means deer; vyadha means hunter). The word Mriga , in many Indian languages ​​including Malayalam, is not only a deer abbreviation, but for all animals and animal instincts (Mriga Thrishna). Shiva, as Mrigavyadha, is the one who destroys the animal instinct in man. In the Ramayana epic, Dasharatha, Rama's father, is said to have the ability to hunt in the dark. During one of his hunting expeditions, he accidentally killed Shravana, thinking he was a gamers. During Rama's exile in the forest, Ravana kidnaps his wife, Sita, from their hut, while Rama is asked by Sita to capture a golden deer, and his brother Lakshman chases after him. According to Mahabharat, Pandu, the Pandavas father, accidentally kills the wisdom of Kindama and his wife with arrows, mistaking them as deer. Krishna is said to have died after being accidentally injured by a hunter's arrow.
Jainism teaches followers to have an incredible respect for all life. The ban on hunting and eating meat is a fundamental condition for becoming a Jain.
The first teaching of Buddhism is respect for all life. The common approach by all Buddhists is to avoid killing live animals. The Buddha explains this problem by saying "all fear of death, comparing others with oneself, one should not kill or cause murder." Christian, Judaism, and Christianity Judaism and Islam
Since the early Christian era, hunting has been banned for the clergy of the Roman Catholic Church. Thus, "Corpus Juris Canonici" (C. ii, X, De cleric. Venat.) Says, "We forbid all God's servants to hunt and expedition through the forest with dogs, and we also forbid them to keep the eagle or eagles. "The Fourth Lateran Council, held under Pope Innocent III, decides (canon xv):" We prohibit hunting or peddling to all scholars. "The Council of Trent's decree was lighter:" Let the scholars abstain from the forbidden hunt and hawking "(Sess. XXIV, De Reform., C. Xii), which seems to imply that not all hunts are forbidden, and canonists generally make the distinction of declaring clamorosa hunting against the law, but not quiet ( quieta hunting.
Ferraris (sv "Clericus", art 6) gives it as a common canonical sense that hunting is permissible for clergy if it is done in rare cases and for ample reasons, as necessity, utility or "honest" recreation, and with moderation of it. who became an ecclesiastical state. But Ziegler (De episc., L. IV, C. Xix), thinks that canonical interpretation is incompatible with the letter or spirit of the church's law.
Nevertheless, although the distinction between legitimate and unlawful hunting is unjustifiable, it is certain that a bishop can completely forbid all hunts to scholars in his diocese, as did the synods in Milan, Avignon, Liège, Cologne, and elsewhere.. Benedict XIV (De synodo dioeces, L. II, c.X) states that such synodic decisions are not too heavy, since the absolute hunting ban is more in line with ecclesiastical law. In practice, therefore, the synodic laws of different regions should be consulted to find out whether they allow poaching or forbid it altogether.
It is important to note that most Christians, disobeying the law of halal diet then most Christians have no religious prohibition to eat the hunted animals. This is in accordance with what is found in Acts 15: 28-29, and 1 Timothy 4: 4.
In the hunt of Jewish law is not prohibited despite the reluctance to it. The great 18th-century authority of Rabbi Yechezkel Landau after a study concludes though "hunting would not be considered cruel to animals as far as the animal is generally killed quickly and not tortured... There is an inappropriate element in it, that is cruelty." Another problem is that hunting can be dangerous and Judaism places an extreme emphasis on the value of human life.
Islamic Shariah law allows for legitimate hunting of animals and birds if they are not easily caught and slaughtered.
National tradition
New Zealand
New Zealand has a strong hunting culture. The islands that make up New Zealand initially have no land mammals other than bats. However, once the Europeans arrived, the game animals were introduced by the acclimatization community to give New Zealand sport and hunting resources. Deer, pigs, goats, rabbits, tahr and chamois all adapt well to the New Zealand field, and without natural predators, their population explodes. Government agencies view animals as pests because of their influence on the natural environment and on agricultural production, but hunters see them as resources.
Shikar (Indian subcontinent)
During the feudal and colonial periods in British India, hunting was considered a great sport in many princely nations, as many maharajas and nawabs, as well as British officers, retained the entire corps of the shikaris (big-game hunters), who were hunters genuine professionals. They will be led by a master of hunting, which may be styled mir-shikar . Often, they recruit locals who are usually low-ranking because of their traditional knowledge of the environment and hunting techniques. Big matches, like the Bengal tiger, might be hunted from behind the elephant.
Regional social norms are generally opposed to hunting, while some sects, such as Bishnoi, place special emphasis on the conservation of certain species, such as antelope. The 1972 Indian Wildlife Protection Act prohibits the killing of all wild animals. However, the Head of the Wildlife Warden can, if satisfied that any wild animal from a particular list has become harmful to human life, or is severely disabled or ill from being out of recovery, allowing anyone to hunt for such animals. In this case, the bodies of wild animals killed or injured belong to the government.
Safari
A safari, from a Swahili word meaning "long journey", especially in Africa, is defined as a land journey. Safari as a unique way of hunting was popularized by US writer Ernest Hemingway and President Theodore Roosevelt. Safari can consist of several days - or even weeks, by camping in bushes or woods, while chasing a big game. Today, it is often used to describe tours through African national parks to watch or hunt wildlife.
Hunters are usually tourists, accompanied by highly licensed and highly organized hunters, local guides, skinners and porters in more difficult terrain. A special safari type is solari-safari, where all licenses obtain, stalk, preparation, and equipment are done by the hunters themselves.
United Kingdom
Hunting unarmed fox on horseback with dogs is the kind of hunt that is most closely related to England; In fact, "hunting" without qualification implies a fox hunt. What in other countries is called "hunting" is called "shoot" (bird) or "stalk" (deer) in England. Originally a form of pest control to protect livestock, the fox hunt became a popular social activity for the newly wealthy upper class in Victorian times and traditional rural activity for riders and foot followers alike. Similar to the fox hunt in many ways is chasing a rabbit with a dog. Pairs of Vision dogs (or long dogs), such as bulldogs, can be used to chase rabbits in wandering, where bulldogs are characterized for their skill in hunting rabbits (but not intended to actually catch them), or rabbits can be chased with dogs like dogs beagle or harriers. Other types of foxes can also be used for deer hunting (deer) or mink. Deer stalking with rifles is done on foot without dogs, using stealth.
These forms of hunting have become controversial in England. Proponents of animal welfare believe that hunting causes the suffering of foxes, horses, and unnecessary dogs. Proponents argue that it is culturally and perhaps economically important. Using dogs to chase wild mammals was made illegal in February 2005 by the Hunting Act 2004; there are a number of exceptions (where the activity may not be illegal) in hunting for hunting with dogs, but there are no exceptions at all for rabbits.
Shooting tradition
Bird games, especially pheasants, shot with rifles for sport in the UK; The British Association of Shooting and Conservation says that more than one million people per year participate in shooting, including shooting games, shooting clay pigeons, and firing targets. Shootings like those done in the UK, compared to traditional hunting, require a bit of searching for the game - about thirty-five million birds are released into the shooting plantations every year, some planted with factories. Shoots can be a complicated affair with weapons placed in the prescribed positions and assistants to help load the rifle. When in position, "beaters" move past the cover area, swinging a stick or flag to push the game. Such events are often called "drives". The open season for grouse in England begins on August 12, called Glorious Twelfth. The definition of games in the UK is governed by Game Act 1831.
A similar tradition exists in Spain
United States
North American hunting precedes the United States for thousands of years and is an important part of many pre-Columbian Native American cultures. Native Americans retain some rights of hunting and are exempt from some laws as part of an Indian treaty and vice versa under federal law - for example including eagle fur laws and exceptions in the Marine Mammal Protection Act. This is considered very important in the original community of Alaska.
Hunting is mainly regulated by state law; additional regulations are enforced through US environmental law in cases of migratory birds and endangered species. Regulations vary from state to state and regulate the territories, time periods, techniques and methods that allow certain game animals to be hunted. Some countries make a distinction between protected species and unprotected species (often pests or varmints with no hunting rules). Hunter protected species require hunting licenses in all states, where completion of a hunting safety course is sometimes a prerequisite.
Usually, the game is divided into several categories for setting purposes. The general category, along with the example species, is as follows:
- Great game : white deer, moss deer, deer, deer, caribbean, bear, bighorn sheep, pronghorn, wild boar, spear, bison <
- Small game : rabbit, rabbit, squirrel, opossum, raccoon, hedgehog, skunk, tailed cat ring, armadillo, grouse ruffed Bleeding : beavers, red foxes, minks, pine mice, musk rat, beaver, forest cats
- Predator : cougar (mountain lion and panther), wolves, forest dogs Highland game birds : grouse, wood blade, chukar, pheasant, quail, doves
- Waterfowl : ducks, teal, merganser, geese, swan
Hunting for big games usually requires "tags" for every animal that is harvested. Tags must be purchased alongside the hunting license, and the number of tags issued for an individual is usually limited. In cases where there are more prospective hunters than quotas for that species, usually a tag is given by the lottery. Tags may be more restricted to certain areas, or wildlife management units. Migratory waterfowl hunting requires duck stamps from Fish and Wildlife Services in addition to appropriate country hunting permits.
Animal harvest in addition to big games is usually limited by bag boundaries and ownership limits. The pockets limit is the maximum number of certain animal species that can be harvested in one day. The ownership limit is the maximum number of certain animal species a person can have at any time.
Take a photo
The use of weapons in hunting is usually governed by game categories, in-state areas, and time periods. Regulations for large hunting often determine the minimum caliber energy or muzzle for firearms. The use of rifles is often prohibited for security reasons in areas with high population density or limited topographical assistance. Regulations may also restrict or prohibit the use of lead in ammunition due to environmental concerns. Special seasons for bow hunting or powder black gun snouts are often erected to limit competition with hunters using more effective weapons.
Hunting in the United States is not related to a particular class or culture; a 2006 poll showed that seventy-eight percent of Americans support legal hunting, although few Americans actually hunt. At the beginning of the 21st century, only six percent of Americans are hunted. Southerners in the states along the eastern coast are hunting at a rate of five percent, slightly below the national average, and while hunting is more common in other parts of the South at nine percent, this figure does not extend beyond those of the Lowland countries , where twelve percent of Midwesterners are hunted. Poaching in other parts of the country falls below the national average. Overall, in the period 1996-2006, the number of hunters over the age of sixteen decreased by ten percent, a decrease caused by a number of factors including habitat loss and recreational habits change.
Rule
The hunting regulations in the United States date back to the 19th century. Some modern hunters see themselves as conservationists and sportsmen in the modes of Theodore Roosevelt and Boone and Crockett Club. Local hunting clubs and national organizations provide educational hunters and help protect the future of sport by purchasing land for future hunting. Some groups represent certain hunting interests, such as Unlimited Duck, Long Forever Birds, or Delta Delta Waterfowl Foundation. Many hunting groups also participate in lobbying the federal government and state governments.
Every year, nearly $ 200 million in excise taxes of federal hunters are distributed to state agencies to support wildlife management programs, purchase of open land for hunters, and educational classes and hunter safety. Since 1934, the sale of Federal Duck Stamps, purchases required for waterfowl migrators over sixteen years, has raised more than $ 700 million to help buy over 5,200,000 hectares (8,100 sq mi; 21,000 km 2 ) habitat for the National Wildlife Refuge System that supports waterfowl and many other wildlife species and is often open to hunting. The state also collects money from hunting licenses to assist the management of game animals, as prescribed by law. The main duty of park and state guardians and game keepers is to enforce hunting-related laws and regulations, including species protection, hunting season, and hunting bans. Varmint hunting
The Varmint hunt is an American expression for the selective killing of non-game animals that are seen as pests. While not always an efficient form of pest control, rogue hunting achieves selective control of pests while providing less recreation and much less regulated. Varmint species are often responsible for adverse effects on crops, livestock, landscaping, infrastructure, and pets. Some animals, such as wild rabbits or squirrels, can be used for feathers or meat, but often there is no point made of carrion. Which species become varmints depends on circumstances and areas. Common varmints can include various rodents, jungle dogs, crows, foxes, wild cats, and wild pigs. Some animals once considered varmints now protected, like wolves. In the US state of Louisiana, non-native rodents, coypu, have become very destructive to local ecosystems so the country has begun a bounty program to help control the population.
Fair pursuit
The principles of fair pursuit have been part of the American hunting tradition for over a hundred years. The role of hunter-conservationist, popularized by Theodore Roosevelt, and immortalized by Roosevelt's formation of Boone and Crockett Club, has been at the center of the development of a modern fair pursuit tradition. Beyond Fair Chase: The Ethics and Tradition of Hunting , a book by Jim Posewitz, describes a fair pursuit:
"The basis for ethical hunting is the idea of ​​a fair pursuit.This concept discusses the balance between hunters and hunters.This is a balance that allows hunters to occasionally succeed while animals generally avoid being taken."
When internet hunting was introduced in 2005, allowing people to hunt the Internet using remote-controlled rifles, this practice was widely criticized by hunters for violating the principle of fair pursuit. As a representative of the National Rifle Association (NRA) explains, "The NRA has always maintained that a fair pursuit, being on the field with your firearm or arc, is an essential element of the hunting tradition. Sitting at your desk in front of your computer, clicking the mouse, has something to do with the hunt. "
One hunting club states that a fair chase will not involve taking animals under the following conditions:
- Helpless in traps, heavy snow or water, or ice.
- From any electric vehicle or electric boat.
- By "turning on shoes" or shining at night.
- By using any tranquilizers or toxins.
- While inside a detached fence separator.
- By using any electric vehicle or power boat to drive or ride animals, including the use of aircraft to land on the side or communicate with or direct the hunter to the ground.
- By using electronic devices to attract, search or pursue a game or guide a hunter to the game, or by using a bow or arrow attached to any electronic device.
Livestock
Indian blackbucks, nilgai, deer axes, fallow deer, and barasing are now found on hunting farms in Texas, where they are introduced for hunting sports. Hunters can pay more than $ 4000 as a fee for barbecue hunting.
Russian
The hunt for the Russian empire evolved from the hunting tradition of the early Russian rulers - the Grand Princes and the Tsars - under the influence of the hunting habits of European imperial palaces. Imperial hunting was held mainly at Peterhof, Tsarskoye Selo, and Gatchina.
Australia
Hunting in Australia has evolved around the hunting and eradication of various animals considered pests. All native animals are protected by law, and can only be killed under special permission. Hunted species include deer, pigs, goats, foxes, and rabbits.
Japanese
The number of licensed hunters in Japan, including those who use snares and rifles, generally declines, while their average age increases. In 2010, there were about 190,000 registered hunters, about 65% of whom were sixty years old or older.
Trinidad and Tobago
There is a very active tradition of hunting small to medium wild games in Trinidad and Tobago. Hunting is done with firearms, and is aided by the use of dogs, with the use of trap weapons and illegal snare nets. With about 12,000 sports hunters applying for hunting licenses in recent years (in a very small state with the size of the state of Delaware about 5128 square kilometers and 1.3 million inhabitants), there are some concerns that the practice may be unsustainable. In addition there are currently no bag limit and the open season is relatively very long (5 months - October to February inclusive). Therefore hunting pressure from legal hunters is very high. In addition, there is a rapidly growing and highly profitable black market for wild boiled games (sold and purchased enthusiastically as expensive fancy food) and the number of commercial hunters operating is unknown but is considered quite high. As a result, populations of the five main species of mammals (red-rumped agouti, lowland plains, nine band armies, peccary collars, and brocket red) are considered quite low (although scientific population studies were only recently performed in 2013). It appears that the red brocker deer population has been persecuted in Tobago as a result of excessive hunting. Various herons, ducks, pigeons, green iguanas, golden silver, caiman glasses and general opossum are also hunted and hunted. There are also several hunts of 'fully protected species', including red howler monkeys and capuchin monkeys, southern tamanduas, Brazilian hedgehogs, yellow-legged turtles, Trinidad's piping guans and even one of the national birds, a very rare ibis. Legal hunters pay a very small fee to get a hunting license and do not undergo basic conservation biology training or hunting ethics training. Presumably there is relatively little subsistence hunting in the country (with most hunting for sports or commercial gain). Local wildlife management authorities are short of staff and underfunded, and thus very few enforcement measures are in place to enforce existing wildlife management laws, with hunting that occurs both in and out of season, and even in wildlife reserves. There are some indications that the government is starting to take the issue of wildlife management more seriously, with well-crafted legislation being brought to Parliament by 2015. It remains to be seen whether the bill will be fully adopted and financially supported by the current and the future government, and if the general public will move towards greater awareness of the importance of wildlife preservation and change the culture of rogue consumption to one of sustainable management.
Wildlife Management
Hunting is claimed to provide resource managers an important tool in managing populations that may exceed their habitat carrying capacity and threaten the welfare of other species, or, in some cases, damage to human health or safety.
However, in many circumstances, carrying capacity is determined by habitat combinations and food availability, and hunting for 'population control' has no effect on the annual population of the species. In some cases it may increase predator populations such as coyotes by removing territorial boundaries that would otherwise be established, resulting in excessive migration of neighbors to an area, thus artificially increasing populations. Hunting supporters assert that hunting reduces intraspecific competition for food and shelter, reducing mortality among the remaining animals. Some environmentalists assert that (re) introducing predators will achieve the same goals with greater efficiency and less negative effects, such as introducing large amounts of lead free to the environment and food chains.
In the United States, wildlife managers are often part of the hunt for regulatory and licensing bodies, where they help set rules on the number, manner and conditions in which the game can be hunted.
Management agents sometimes rely on hunting to control certain animal populations, as is the case with deer in North America. This hunt is sometimes done by professional shooters, although others may include amateur hunters. Many US cities and local governments hire professional and amateur hunters each year to reduce animal populations such as deer that become dangerous in restricted areas, such as environmental parks and metropolitan open spaces.
Most of the population manage involves managing the amount and, occasionally, the size or age of animals harvested to ensure the sustainability of the population. The tools often used to control the harvest are bag and season closing limits, although equipment restrictions such as the archery season are becoming increasingly popular in an effort to reduce the success rate of hunters.
Bag limit
The bag boundary is a provision under the law that controls how many animals of a specific species or group of species can be killed, although there are often species whose pocket boundaries do not apply. There are also jurisdictions where bag boundaries are not applied at all or are not applied under certain circumstances. The bag limit stems from the habit among small game hunters to bring successful killing in a small basket, similar to fishing.
Where the bag border is used, there can be a daily or seasonal bag limit; for example, ducks can often be harvested at a rate of six per hunter per day. The big game, like the moose, most often has the limit of a single animal bag per hunter. Limit bags can also set the size, sex, or age of animals that can be hunted by hunters. In many cases, bag boundaries designed to allocate harvests among hunting populations are fairer than protecting animal populations.
Without bag limiting wildlife life will be very short of residents. Teaching or not obeying the bag limit affects the population. Without pockets limiting more animals to be harvested than can sustain the population. But still good to reach the bag limit. Without hunting for overpopulation can make animals starve. More animals will also get hit by cars that can affect humans as well.
Season closed and open
Season closed is a time where hunting animals from certain species is against the law. Typically, closed seasons are designed to protect a species when they are most vulnerable or to protect them during their breeding season. With an extension, a period that is not a closed season is known as open season.
Legal
Illegal hunting and harvesting of wild species that goes against the laws of conservation and management of local and international wildlife is called hunting. Game preservation is one of the tactics used to prevent poaching. Violations of hunting laws and regulations involving hunting are usually punished by law. Penalties may include confiscation of equipment, fines or imprisonment. In Costa Rica, all forms of sports hunting have been illegal since December 10, 2012.
Method
Historical hunting techniques, subsistence, and sports can differ radically, with modern hunting rules that often deal with problems where, when, and how hunting is done. Techniques may vary depending on government regulations, personal hunter ethics, local customs, hunting equipment, and hunted animals. Often hunters will use a combination of more than one technique. The law can prohibit sports hunters using several methods used primarily in the hunting and management of wildlife.
- Feed is the use of the feed, feed, aroma, or food.
- Takes involves frightening animals (by hitting a stick) into a homicide zone or ambushing.
- Beagling is the use of beagles in hunting rabbits, and sometimes in fox hunts.
- Beating using a human beater to remove a game from an area or push it into position.
- Hunting blind or standing hunting is waiting for the animal from a hidden or high position.
- Calling is the use of animal sounds to attract or encourage animals.
- Camouflage is the use of visual or smelly concealment to blend with the environment.
- Dog can be used for the course or help water, guide, push, track, point, pursue, or take prey.
- Driving is herding the animal in a particular direction, usually toward other hunters in the group.
- Flushing is the practice of frightening animals from hidden areas.
- Ghillie settings are the types of equipment one can use to integrate with the environment.
- Glassing is the use of optics, such as binoculars, to find animals more easily. â € <â € <
- Lem is a carelessly passive form to kill birds.
- Internet hunting is a method of hunting over the Internet using web cameras and remote controlled weapons.
- Netting involves the use of nets, including active nets with the use of cannon webs and rocket nets.
- Persistent resistance is the use of running and tracking to chase prey to fatigue.
- Scouting for games is usually done before hunting and will ensure the desired species are in the selected area. Looking for animal marks like traces, dirt, etc.... and making use of "camera footprint" is a commonly used tactic when searching.
- Shoot is the use of a remote weapon such as a gun, bow, crossbow, or catapult.
- Solunar Theory says that animals move according to the location of the moon compared to their bodies and are said to have been used long before this by hunters to find out the best times to hunt the game they want.
- Highlights or shine is the use of artificial light to discover or blind animals before killing.
- Stalking or still hunting is a practice of walking quietly looking for animals or chasing individual animals.
- Tracking is the practice of reading physical evidence in the pursuit of animals.
- Traps are the use of devices such as snares, holes, and deadfall to catch or kill animals.
Hunting trophy
Hunting trophy is a selective quest of wild game. This may also include controversial hunting of captive or semi-captive animals that are clearly bred and raised under controlled or semi-controlled conditions so as to achieve trophic characteristics; this is sometimes known as canned hunting.
History
In the 19th century, southern and central European sports hunters often pursued the game only for trophies, usually heads or throwers of animals, which were then displayed as a sign of greatness. The remainder of the animal is usually discarded. Some cultures, however, disapprove of such waste. In the Nordic countries, hunting trophies is - and still - crimped. Hunting in North America in the 19th century was primarily a way to supplement food supplies, although it is now primarily done for sports. The method of safari hunting is the development of sports hunting that sees the complicated journey in Africa, India and other places in the pursuit of trophies. In modern times, trophy hunting survives and is a significant industry in some areas.
Conservation tools
According to the US Fish and Wildlife Service, hunting "provides economic incentives" for breeders to continue breeding the species, and the hunt "reduces the threat of species extinction."
A scientific study in the journal Biological Conservation states that trophy hunting is "essential for conservation in Africa by creating economic incentives for conservation over a wide area, including areas that may not be suitable for alternative wildlife - based on land use such as ecotourism photography. "However, other studies suggest that less than 3% of trophy hunters expenditure reaches local levels, meaning that economic incentives and benefits are" minimal, especially when we consider the large area of ​​land occupied by hunting concessions. "
The financial incentives of hunting trophies effectively are more than twice the size of the land used for wildlife conservation, relative to what will be conserved by relying on national parks according to Biological Conservation, although local communities typically earn no more from 18 cents per hectare from trophy hunting.
Trophy hunting has been considered important to provide economic incentives to conserve large carnivores according to research studies in Conservation Biology, Sustainable Tourism Journal Wildlife Conservation by Sustainable Use >, and Animal Conservation . Studies by the Responsible Tourism Center and the IUCN state that ecotourism, which includes more than hunting, is a superior economic incentive, generating twice as much revenue per acre and 39 times as much permanent work.
The US Council of Natural Resources Committee committee in 2016 concluded that chasers may contribute to the extinction of certain animals. Conservationist groups like IFAW insist that trophy hunting is a key factor in the "silent extinction" of giraffes.
According to a national survey conducted by the US Fish and Fish Service every five years, fewer people hunt, even as the population increases. National Public Radio reported, the graph shows statistics of 2016, that only about 5 percent of Americans, 16 years and older, are really hunting, half of which 50 years ago. The decline in popularity of hunting is expected to increase over the next decade, which threatens how the US will pay for conservation.
Controversy
Trophy hunting is most often criticized when it involves rare or endangered animals. Opponents can also see the hunt for trophies as a matter of morality or animal cruelty, criticizing the killing of living things for recreation. Dramatic Victorian era, W. S. Gilbert commented, "Stalking with deer would be a very good sport if the deer had a gun."
There is also debate about the extent to which trophy hunting benefits the local economy. Hunters argue that paid costs contribute to the local economy and provide value to animals that would otherwise be seen as competition for grazing, livestock, and crops. This analysis is disputed by many conservationist organizations and other opponents of trophy hunting. It is said that animals are more valuable to communities for ecotourism than hunting.
Economy
Various industries benefit from hunting and supporting hunting for economic reasons. In Tanzania, it is estimated that safari hunters spend fifty to a hundred times the average ecotourism. While the average tourist photos can look for luxury accommodations, the average safari hunters generally live in tent tents. Safari hunters are also more likely to use remote areas, without being invited to ordinary ecotourism. Advocates argue that these hunters allow anti-poaching activities and income for local communities.
In the United Kingdom, the hunting of the birds game as an industry is said to be very important for the rural economy. The Cobham Report of 1997 recommends worth around £ 700 million, and hunting and shooting lobbying groups claim it is worth more than a billion pounds less than ten years later.
Hunting also has a significant financial impact in the United States, with many companies specializing in specialized hunting or tourism equipment. Many different technologies have been created to help hunters, even including iPhone apps. Today's hunters come from various economic, social, and cultural backgrounds. In 2001, over thirteen million hunters averaged hunting for eighteen days, and spent more than $ 20.5 billion on their sport. In the US, the results of hunting licenses contribute to country game management programs, including the preservation of wildlife habitats.
Environmental issues
Lead bullets that lose their targets or remain in unrefined carcass can be toxic in the environment but cause ammunition because their metal shapes have lower solubility and higher corrosion resistance than other forms of lead so are virtually unavailable for biological systems. Waterfowl or other poultry can swallow lead and poison themselves with neurotoxicant, but studies have shown that the effect of lead in ammunition can be neglected on the size and growth of animal populations. Since 1991, US federal law prohibits tin shooting in waterfowl hunting, and 30 countries have several types of restrictions.
In December 2014, a federal appeals court dismissed a lawsuit by environmental groups that the EPA should use the Toxic Substances Control Act to regulate lead in shells and cartridges. The group searched the EPA to organize "lead spends", but the court found the EPA can not manage the leads spent without also organizing cartridges and shells.
Preservation
Hunters have been a driving force throughout history in the movement to ensure the preservation of wildlife and wildlife habitats for further hunting. However, excessive hunting and hunting have also contributed greatly to the dangers, extinctions and extinctions of many animals, such as quagga, large auk, Steller sea cow, Tasmanian tiger, bluebuck, Arab oryx, Caspian tiger and tiger, markhor, Sumatran rhinoceros, bison , North American cougar, Altai sheep argali, Asian elephants and more, especially for commercial or sports sales. All of these animals have been hunted to endangered or extinct. The current hunt threatens populations of birds and mammals around the world.
Legislation
Pittman-Robertson Wildlife Restoration Act of 1937
In 1937, American hunters managed to lobby the US Congress to pass the Pittman-Robertson Wildlife Recovery Act, which sets eleven percent tax on all hunting equipment. This self-imposed tax now generates more than $ 700 million annually and is used exclusively to build, restore and protect wildlife habitats. This action is named for Nevada Senator Key Pittman and Virginia Congressman Absalom Willis Robertson.
Federal Duck Stamp Program
On March 16, 1934, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the Migration Hunting Stamp Act, which requires the purchase of annual stamps by all hunters over the age of sixteen. The stamps are made on behalf of the program by the US Postal Service and describe selected wildlife artwork through the annual contest. They play an important role in habitat conservation because ninety-eight percent of all funds generated by their sales go directly to the purchase or lease of wetland habitat for protection in the National Wildlife Refuge System. In addition to waterfowl, it is estimated that one third of endangered species in the country are looking for food and shelter in protected areas using Duck Stamp funds.
Since 1934, sales of Federal Duck Stamps have generated $ 670 million, and helped to buy or lease 5,200,000 hectares (8,100 sq. M2; 21,000 km 2 ) habitats. Stamps serve as a license to hunt migratory birds, pass the entrance for all areas of the National Wildlife Conservation, and are also considered collectors of goods that are often purchased for aesthetic reasons outside the hunting community and birds. Although non-hunters buy large numbers of Duck Stamps, eighty-seven percent of their sales are donated by hunters, which is logical, because hunters are required to buy them. The distribution of funds is managed by the Migratory Bird Conservation Commission (MBCC).
Species
Arabic Oriks
Orix Arab, a large deer, once inhabited much of the desert region of the Middle East. However, the striking appearance of the species makes it (along with the horned oryx swords and addax) that are closely related to the popular mine for sports hunters, especially foreign executives of oil companies working in the region. The use of cars and high-powered rifles destroyed their only advantage: speed, and they went extinct in the wild exclusively for the sport hunting in 1972. The horned oryx sword followed, while the addax became endangered. However, the Arab oryx has now made a comeback and has been upgraded from "extinct in the wild" to being "vulnerable" due to conservation efforts such as breeding
Marker
Markhor is an endangered wild goat species that inhabit the mountains of Central Asia and Pakistan. The colonization of these areas by the British gave British sport hunters access to the species, and they were hunted heavily, almost to the point of extinction. Only their willingness to breed in captivity and the inhumanity of their mountain habitat prevents this. Despite these factors, markhor is still threatened.
Bison America
American Bison is a large chunk that inhabited much of western North America before the 1800s, living in grasslands in large herds. However, a huge herd of bulls attracted market hunters, who killed dozens of bison just for their skin, letting the rest rot. These thousands of hunters quickly eliminated the bulls, carrying populations of several million in the early 1800s to several hundred in the 1880s. Conservation efforts have enabled populations to increase, but bison remains close threatened.
White rhino
The Journal of International Wildlife Laws and Policies quotes that the legalization of white rhino hunting in South Africa motivates private landowners to reintroduce the species to their land. As a result, the country saw an increase in white rhino from less than a hundred people to more than 11,000, even while a limited number were killed as trophies.
However, illegal rhino hunting for their horns is very damaging to the population and is currently growing globally, with 1004 killed in South Africa alone according to latest estimates.
Other species
According to Richard Conniff, Namibia is home to 1,750 of about 5,000 black rhinos living in the wild as it allows for hunting trophies of various species. The population of Namibian mountain zebra has risen to 27,000 from 1,000 in 1982. Elephants, who were "shot dead elsewhere for their ivory", have gone to 20,000 from 15,000 in 1995. Lions, who are on the verge of extinction "from Senegal to Kenya ", rising in Namibia.
In contrast, Botswana has recently been forced to ban the chase after a steep decline in wildlife. The number of antelopes decreased in Botswana, with a decrease in the number of predators, while the number of elephants remained stable and the number of hippos rose. According to the Botswana government, trophy hunting is at least partially blamed for this, but many other factors, such as hunting, drought and habitat loss are also to blame. Uganda recently did the same, arguing that "part of the benefits of sports hunting are out of balance and it is impossible to prevent poaching or increase [Uganda's] capacity to manage wildlife sanctuaries."
Study
A study released by the Wildlife Society concludes that hunting and trapping are cost effective tools that reduce wildlife damage by reducing populations under environmental capacity to carry them and change animal behavior to stop them from causing harm. The study further states that hunting stops may cause wildlife to be severely disadvantaged, the value of rural property falls, and landowner incentives to keep natural habitats diminished.
Hunt in the arts
See also
References
Further reading
External links
- Media related to Hunting on Wikimedia Commons
- Theodore Roosevelt Hunting Library in the Library of Congress has 254 items on this topic.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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