Horse slaughter is the practice of slaughtering horses to produce meat for consumption. Humans have long consumed horse meat; the oldest known cave art, 30,000-year-old painting in the French Chauvet Cave, depicts horses with other beasts hunted by humans. Horse breeding is believed to have started raising horses for human consumption. This practice became controversial in some parts of the world because of some concern: whether the horse was (or could) be humanly managed in industrial slaughter; whether the horse raised for consumption produces safe meat, and whether it is feasible to consume companion animals.
Metode
Video Horse slaughter
In most countries where horses are slaughtered for food, the horses are processed in industrial slaughter houses similar to livestock. Normally, gun shooters or penetrating firing guns are used to make the animal unconscious. The blow (or shot) is intended to kill the horse immediately or stun it, with exsanguination (bleeding out) done immediately afterwards to ensure death. Meat that can be sold removed from the carcass, with remnants provided for other commercial purposes.
According to proponents of horse welfare, the physiology of the horse's skull is such that both captured and impregnable guns are a reliable means of killing (or riveting) a horse; the animal may be just paralyzed. Unless checked properly for vital signs, a horse may remain conscious and experience pain during skinning and cutting meat.
Maps Horse slaughter
History
Horse meat is a source of traditional protein during food shortages, such as the early World War of the 20th century. Before the advent of motorcycles, the campaign usually produced tens of thousands of horse deaths; troops and civilians eat carcasses, because troop logistics are often unreliable. The Grande Armada troops from Napoleon killed almost all of their horses during their retreat from Moscow to feed themselves. In his biography, Fifty Years of Animal Surgeons , Fredrick Hobday wrote that when the British Army veterinary hospital arrived at Cremona from France in 1916, it was the subject of a bidding war (won by Milan's horse meat canners) for a sea horse carcass that could be saved.
During World War II, the less motorized Axis troopers lost thousands of horses in battle and during the unusually cold winter of Russia. Soldiers who are malnourished consume animals, often shoot weaker horses as needed. In his 1840s, London Labor and the London Poor, Henry Mayhew writes that horse meat is valued differently in Paris and London.
Controversy
In some countries, horses are regarded as gods or worthy of human consideration because of their role as workers and sports animals. This perception may be greater in countries where horses are not raised or raised for food. According to the UK MORI survey in 2012, 50 percent of respondents in France and 51 percent in Belgium and 58 percent in Italy thought they could receive horse feed.
Some welfare horse and welfare organizations oppose massacres or support the prohibition of horse slaughter, but other animal organizations and animal-farming groups support the practice. According to the animal-slaughter expert Temple Grandin, horse cutting can be humane with proper design and facility management. Included in animal groups supporting the slaughter of horses are organizations representing the interests of traditional food industries such as cattle, sheep and pigs, who fear that prohibiting any animal to be slaughter will result in the prohibition of all meat production.
The stolen horses have been sold to auction, where they were bought by "killer buyers" and sent to slaughter. Auctions allow horses to be sold without the owner's consent, by theft or misappropriation. According to California Livestock and Identification Bureau statistics, the 1998 ban on horse slaughter in California was followed by a 34 percent decline in horse theft.
Remote transport
One of the concerns about the wellbeing of horses destined for slaughter is the great distance that horses are sometimes transported to slaughterhouses. In 2013, 32,841 horses were slaughtered in Italy; of this amount, 32,316 are transported from other EU countries.
United States
Food safety
Horses in the United States are not raised or raised for meat. Almost all drugs and horse care are labeled, "Not for horses devoted to human consumption." Meat from American horses raises a number of potential health problems, mainly due to routine use of drugs that are banned in animal foods and the lack of tracking of such uses. Unlike cattle raised for food (where all potential drugs are tested for withdrawal time and traced with caution), there is no way to guarantee a drug that has been used on a particular horse. During November and December 2010 inspections of EU-regulated crops in Mexico that massacred horses for human consumption, the European Commission's Food and Veterinary Office (FVO) found violations. Most American horses destined for slaughter are transported to the EU-regulated plant in Mexico and Canada. Horses, unlike traditional food animals in the United States, are not raised (or treated) for the purpose of being human food. Because American horses are not meant for human food chains, they often receive drugs that are prohibited by the Food and Drug Administration for use in food animals. Concern also exists that horse meat will be mixed with beef products and sold under inappropriate labeling in the US, as happened during the European horse meat scandal 2013.
Prior to 2007, three large horse slaughterhouses operated in the United States: Dallas Crown in Kaufman, Texas; Beltex Corporation in Fort Worth, and Cavel International in DeKalb, Illinois. Everything is Belgian owned, with Multimeat also having French and Dutch ownership; Velda has Cavel, Multimesat has Beltex and Chevideco owns the Dallas Crown. The slaughterhouse exports about $ 42 million in horse meat annually, with most going abroad. About 10 percent of their proceeds are sold to zoos to feed their carnivores, and 90 percent are shipped to Europe and Asia for human consumption. Although the House voted to end the horse massacre in 2006, the bill never came to a vote in front of the Senate. Both Texas slaughterhouses were ordered shut down in 2007, after a protracted battle with local municipalities who objected to their financial drain in the municipality (no tax revenues), blood trenches, hopeless chicks and harmful odors in residential neighborhoods. Later that year, the Cavel plant was closed after the action of the local community.
The horse-protection director of the Humane Society of the United States reported seizing many horses, and the horse-rescue facility took more horses than ever before despite records of the number of horses sent to Canada and Mexico for slaughter. The horse market is saturated by increased breeding.
In March 2012, Wyoming State Representative Sue Wallis proposed a new horse meat processing plant in Missouri or Arkansas. According to Wallis, he has six million dollars to be invested and supported by Belgian horse meat buyers. In May, Wallis sought local investors in Wyoming to help finance the plant, which he said could cost between two and six million dollars and will process up to 200 horses per day for sale abroad and to ethnic markets in the US. In 2013, the Obama Administration proposes the abolition of funding for USDA inspections of horse ranching plants in fiscal 2014, which will prevent horse slaughter.
Legal process
Efforts have been made to enact a federal law that ends the massacre of American horses for human consumption. On September 8, 2006, the House of Representatives issued a bill that would make the killing or sale of American horses for illegal human consumption in the United States; However, it was not passed by the Senate.
Two RUU, H.R. 503 in Parliament and S. 1915 in the Senate, was introduced at the 109th Congress to prevent the slaughter of horses for human consumption. H.R. 503 was passed by the House of Representatives on September 7, 2006, with voting recorded at 263-146. S. 1915 is read twice, referred to the committee and not elected. Both bills died at the end of the 109th Congress, and were reintroduced in the 110th Congress on 17 January 2007 because Hri 503 and S. 311. S. 311 were reported but not taken for voting. The bill was not reintroduced at the 111th Congress. Two bills were introduced at the 112th Congress: HR 2966 and S. 1176, American Hedge Prevention Act of 2011. The latter was introduced on July 9, 2011 by Sen. Mary Landrieu (D-LA) and Lindsey Graham (R-SC ) to amend the Horse Protection Act of 1970 (15 USC chapter 44) to prohibit the delivery, transportation, transfer, delivery, receipt, ownership, purchase, sale or other horses and horses donations to be slaughtered for human consumption.
Transporting horses for slaughter
Although the Department of Transportation has officers at enforcement points to ensure proper horse transportation, it has no jurisdiction beyond transportation. Horses that are "very disabled or disabled are not accepted at the factory".
The USDA 1998 Animal Health and Crop Inspection Service survey to determine welfare issues during transport of horses to slaughter found severe problems in 7.7 percent of transported horses; mostly arising from the owner's negligence or abuse, rather than transportation. The report recommends individuals carrying horses that are not worth the trip. However, despite these recommendations, in an April 2011 report on horse transport violations, of 458 offenders and 280 cases reported since 1 February 2002, 51 offenders were fined a total of $ 781,350. The highest fine charged was $ 230,000.00 at Charles Carter of Colorado, $ 162,000 at Leroy Baker from Ohio and $ 77,825 at Bill Richardson from Texas. The 2007-2015 investigation by Animals's Angels found overcrowded pens, aggression, rough handling, restless transport, untreated injuries and no water or food for more than 28 hours required by law. On February 22, 2007, Representative Robert Molaro introduced the HB1711 to the Illinois General Assembly to prohibit the transport of horses to the state for the purpose of massacre for human consumption.
US Department of Agriculture regulations regulate horse transport, but the USDA says they do not have the resources to enforce the law. In 2009, a bill that would prohibit interstate transportation from horses lives on a double-deck horse trailer collapsed committee in the House and stationed at Union Calendar. The bill died at the end of the 111th Congress.
On November 18, 2011, the ban on the meat horse slaughter was appointed as part of the Consolidation and Further Continuity Appropriations Act for Fiscal Year 2012. However, it has been reaffirmed by Congress on January 14, 2014 with the fiscal year 2014 Omnibus Appropriations Act.
On March 12, 2013, Senators Landrieu and Graham introduced S. 541, the American Safeguard Food Protection Act (SAFE) in 2013. The SAFE Act alters the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Law to consider the horses (horses and other family members) Equidae) unsafe food additives or veterinary drugs. The SAFE Act also prohibits the sale or transportation of horses (or parts of horses) who know in interstate or foreign trade for human consumption. The identical version of the bill, H. 1094, was introduced in the House of Representatives by Representatives Patrick Meehan (R-PA) and Jan Schakowsky (D-IL).
Court ruling
On January 19, 2007, the 5th US Circuit Court of Appeals in New Orleans canceled a lower 2006 court ruling that the Texas law of 1949 prohibited the slaughter of horses for the purpose of selling meat for illegal food because it had been repealed by other laws and preceded by federal law. A panel of three Circuit 5 judges disagrees, saying that Texas law is still standing and can be enforced. On March 6, 2007, without comment or dissent, 19 judges from the 5th Circuit dismissed a petition by three foreign-owned slaughter plants seeking a full review of the January 19 decision panel.
United Kingdom
In 2007, the Daily Mail reported that up to 5,000 horses were slaughtered annually in Britain - not for domestic consumption but for export, mainly to France. According to the article, British law "effectively prohibits" live animal exports for slaughter. The RSPCA has listed horses as animals exported from Ramsgate since the reopening of 2011 ports for live animal exports.
In the European horse meat scandal of 2013, foods advertised as beef-containing are found to contain undeclared or inaccurate horse meat - 100 percent of the meat content, in some cases. A small number of products also contain undetermined meat, such as pork. This issue was revealed on January 15, 2013, when it was reported that the DNA of horses had been found on frozen beefburgers being sold in some Irish and English supermarkets.
France and Belgium
According to the 2007 article Daily Mail , 100,000 horses are transported annually to and around the EU for human consumption in France and Belgium. In 2011, Belgian and Dutch consumers learned about the atrocities associated with horse slaughter in North and South America. Blurred video footage broadcast on three news programs shows that horses aimed at slaughtering hunger, are dehydrated and injured. Within a few hours of the program, the supermarket responded with a promise to investigate. Delhaize, Belgium's second largest food retailer, asked its suppliers to move the meat affected from its shelves. Two other wholesalers told consumers that they did not import horse meat from outside Europe.
See also
- Wild horses
- Horses in battle
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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