Rodrigo DÃÆ'az de Vivar ( c. 1043 Ã,â € "1099) is a Castilian nobleman and military leader in Spain medieval. The Moor called him El Cid , which means Lord (probably from the original Arabic al-Sayyid, ???????), and Christian, El Campeador , which represents Outstanding Warriors or Outstanding on the battlefield . He was born in Vivar, a town near Burgos town. After his death, he became the famous national hero of Castile and the most significant medieval Spanish epic poetical protagonist, El Cantar de Mio Cid .
Born as a small nobleman, El Cid was raised in the palace of King Ferdinand the Great and served the son of Ferdinand, Sancho II of LeÃÆ'³n and Castile. He rose to become commander and carrier of the armander regis of Castile on the Sancho rise in 1065. Rodrigo went on to lead the Castile military campaign against Sancho's brother, Alfonso VI of LeÃÆ'³n and GarcÃÆ'a II of Galicia, as well as in the Muslim kingdoms of Al-Andalus. He became famous for his military prowess in this campaign, which helped expand the Castilian region at the expense of the Muslim empire and Sancho's brotherss. When the conspirators killed Sancho in 1072, Rodrigo found himself in a difficult situation. Because Sancho had no children, the throne was given to his brother, Alfonso, who also assisted El Cid from power. Although Rodrigo continued to serve the Castilian emperor, he lost his ranking in a new court that treated him with long arms and suspicion. Finally, in 1081, he was ordered into exile.
El Cid found work fought by the Zaragoza Muslim rulers, whom he defended from their traditional foes, Aragon and Barcelona. While in exile, he regained his reputation as a strategic and strong military leader. He repeatedly wins in battle against the Muslim rulers LÃÆ' Â © rida and their Christian allies, as well as against the great Christian army under King Sancho RamÃÆ'rerez of Aragon. In 1086, expedition forces from the Almoravids of North Africa gave Castile a heavy defeat, forcing Alfonso to overcome his hatred of El Cid. The term to return to Christian service is certainly quite interesting because Rodrigo soon found himself fighting for his ex-Lord. However, over the next few years, El Cid turned his attention to the Valencia kingdom, operating more or less independently of Alfonso while politically supporting Bani Hud and other Muslim dynasties opposing Almoravids. He gradually increased his control over Valencia; The Islamic ruler, al-Qadir, became his tribe in 1092. When the Almoravids instigated a revolt that resulted in the death of al-Qadir, El Cid responded by besieging the city. Valencia eventually fell in 1094, and El Cid formed an independent empire on the Mediterranean coast of Spain. He governs a plural society with the support of Christians and Muslims.
The last years of El Cid were spent fighting Almoravid Berbers. He inflicted on them their first major defeat in 1094, in the square of Caurte, outside Valencia, and continued against them until his death. Although Rodrigo remained unbeaten in Valencia, his only son, and his heir, Diego Rodriguez died during the war against Almoravids in Alfonso's ministry in 1097. After El Cid's death in 1099, his wife, Jimena DÃÆ'az, replaced him as Valencia's ruler, but was eventually forced to hand over the kingdom to Almoravids in 1102.
To this day, El Cid remains a popular hero and popular national icon in Spain, with life and deeds remembered in dramas, movies, folklores, songs, and even video games.
Video El Cid
Title
Name El Cid ( Spanish: Ã, [el '? IÃÆ' Â °] ) is a modern Spanish denomination compiled by the article el which means "the" and Cid which is derived from the Old Castile loan ÃÆ'â € id id from arabic dialectal word ??? sÃÆ'®di or sayyid, which means "God" or "Master". Mozarab or an Arab serving in his line may have addressed him in this way, which Christianity might have transliterated and adopted. Historians, however, have not found contemporary records referring to Rodrigo as Cid. Arab sources use not Rudriq , Ludriq al-Kanbiyatur or al-Qanbiyatur ( Rodrigo el Campeador ). The cognomen Campeador comes from the Latin campi doctor, which means "master of the battlefield". He may get it during the campaign of King Sancho II of Castile against his brothers King Alfonso VI of LeÃÆ'³n and King GarcÃÆ'a II of Galicia. While his contemporaries did not leave historical sources that would call him the Cid , they left many Christian and Arab records, some even signed documents with their signatures, addressing them as Campeador, proving that he is using his own Christian cognition. All combinations of Cid Campeador were first documented ca. 1195 in Navarro-Aragonese Linage de Rodric DÃÆ'az is included in Liber Regum under the formula mio Cid el Campeador .
Maps El Cid
Life and career
Origins
El Cid was born Rodrigo Daz around 1043 in Vivar, also known as Castillona de Bivar, a small town about six miles north of Burgos, the capital of Castile. His father, Diego LaÃÆ'nez, was a courtier, bureaucrat, and cavalry who had fought in multiple battles. Despite the fact that the family of El Cid's mother was aristocratic, in later years the peasants would regard it as one of their own. However, his relatives are not the primary court officials; the document shows that the grandfather of El Cid's father, Lain, confirmed only five documents of Ferdinand I; maternal grandfather, Rodrigo ÃÆ' lvarez, has only two certificates of Sancho II; and El Cid's father just confirmed one.
Services under Sancho II
As a young man in 1057, Rodrigo fought against the Moorish camp in Zaragoza, making emir al-Muqtadir become a subordinate of Sancho. In the spring of 1063, Rodrigo fought in the Battle of Graus, where Ferdinand's half-brother, Ramiro I of Aragon, was besieging the Moorish town of Cinca, which was in the land of Zaragozan. Al-Muqtadir, accompanied by the Castilian forces including El Cid, fought against Aragon. The party killed Ramiro I, arrange Aragon's forces on the run, and emerged victorious. One legend says that during the conflict, El Cid killed an Aragonic knight in a single battle, thus receiving the Campeador honorary title.
When Ferdinand died, Sancho continued to enlarge his territory, conquering both Christian camps and Moorish cities in Zamora and Badajoz. When Sancho learns that Alfonso is planning to overthrow him to get his territory, Sancho sends Cid to bring Alfonso back so Sancho can talk to him.
Services under Alfonso VI
Sancho was killed in 1072, possibly as a result of an agreement between his brother Alfonso and his sister Urraca. Since Sancho died unmarried and had no children, all his power was given to his brother, Alfonso who, almost immediately, returned from exile in Toledo and took his seat as king of Castile and LeÃÆ'³n. He was, however, highly suspected of being involved in the Sancho murder. According to the epic of El Cid, the Castilian nobility headed by El Cid and a dozen "oath aides" forced Alfonso to publicly swear on sacred relics several times in front of Santa Gadea Church in Burgos that he did not participate in a plot to kill his brother. This is widely reported as truth, but contemporary documents about the lives of Rodrigo Diaz and Alfonso VI of Castile and LeÃÆ'³n do not mention such events. Rodrigo's position as armigger is taken and given to enemy Rodrigo, Count GarcÃÆ'a OrdÃÆ'³ÃÆ'  ± ez.
In 1079, Rodrigo was sent by Alfonso VI to Sevilla to the al-Mutamid palace to collect the taifa's parias to LeÃÆ'³n-Castile. While he was there, Granada, assisted by other Castilian knights, attacked Sevilla, and Rodrigo and his troops repulsed the Christian and Grenadine attackers at the Battle of Cabra, in a (probably mistaken) belief that he defended the king's tributary. Count GarcÃÆ'a OrdÃÆ'³ÃÆ'  ± ez and other Castilian leaders were held and detained for three days before being released.
Exile
In the Battle of Cabra (1079), El Cid mobilized his troops and changed the battle to the victory of Emir Abdullah of Granada and his ally GarcÃÆ' © OrdÃÆ'³ÃÆ' ± ez. However, El Cid's unwarranted expedition to Granada was greatly upset by Alfonso, and May 8, 1080, was the last time El Cid confirmed a document at King Alfonso's palace. This is a common reason for the elimination of El Cid, though some others are reasonable and may have contributed to the factors: the enormous nobility changed Alfonso against El Cid, Alfonso's own hostility towards El Cid and accusations of pocketing several awards from Sevilla
Initially he went to Barcelona, ​​where Ramon Berenguer II (1076-1082) and Berenguer Ramon II (1076-1097) declined his service offer
Moorish Services
Isolation is not the end of El Cid, either physically or as an important figure. After being denied by Ramon Berenguer II, El Cid traveled to Taifa of Zaragoza where he received a warmer welcome. In 1081, El Cid proceeded to offer his services to the Moorish king in the northeastern Al-Andalus of Zaragoza, Yusuf al-Mu'taman bin Hud, and served both him and his successor, Al-Mustain II. He was awarded the title of El Cid ( The Master ) and served as a prominent Moorish troop of Muladis, Berber, Arab and Mali.
By Moor account:
Andalusia Knights found El Cid their enemy sick, thirsty and exiled from the palace of Alfonso, he was presented before the parents of Yusuf al-Mu'taman bin Hud and received the command of the Taifa troops from Zaragoza as their Master.
In his book Medieval History of Spain (Cornell University Press, 1975), Joseph F. O'Callaghan writes:
The kingdom was divided between al-Mutamin (1081-1085) who ruled Zaragoza as it should, and his brother al-Mundhir, who ruled Là © rida and Tortosa. El Cid entered al-Mutamin and managed to defend Zaragoza against the attacks of al-Mundhir, Sancho I of Aragón, and Ramon Berenguer II, which he briefly seized in 1082.
In 1084, the Army from Taifa from Zaragoza under the leadership of El Cid defeated the Aragonese at the Battle of Morella near Tortosa, but in the fall of Castilians began to besiege Toledo and then the next year the Christians captured Salamanca, the fortress of Taifa. from Toledo.
In 1086, the invasion of Almoravid from the Iberian Peninsula through and around Gibraltar began. The Almoravids, the current Berber population of North Africa, led by Yusuf ibn Tashfin, were asked to help defend the Moorish people who were divided from Alfonso. El Cid ordered a large Moorish troop during the Battle of Sagrajas, which took place in 1086, near Taifa from Badajoz. The Almoravid and Andalusian Taifas, including Badajoz, MÃÆ'¡laga, Granada, Tortosa and Seville troops, defeated the combined forces of León, Aragón and Castile.
In 1087, Raymond of Burgundy and his Christian allies sought to undermine Taifa from the northernmost fortress of Zaragoza by starting the Tudela and Alfonso siege of Aledo, Murcia blocking the route between Taifas in eastern and western Iberia.
Remember from seclusion
Frightened after his defeat, Alfonso remembers El Cid. It has been shown that El Cid was in court in July 1087; However, what happens after that is unclear. El Cid returns to Alfonso, but now he has his own plans. He only stayed for a while and then returned to Zaragoza. El Cid was content to let Almoravid's troops and Alfonso troops fight without his help, even when it was possible that the Almoravid forces would defeat Alfonso and take over all of Alfonso's land. El Cid chose not to fight because he hoped the two forces would be weak. That would make it easier for him to carry out his own plans to become the ruler of the Kingdom of Valencia.
Conquest of Valencia
Around this time, El Cid, with combined Christian and Moorish soldiers, began maneuvering to create its own territory in the Mediterranean coastal city of Moor in Valencia. Several obstacles blocked in his path. The first is Berenguer Ramon II, who ruled nearby Barcelona. In May 1090, El Cid defeated and captured Berenguer in the Battle of TÃÆ' Â © bar (now Pinar de TÃÆ' Â © var, near Monroyo, Teruel). Berenguer was later released and his niece Ramon Berenguer III married El Cid's youngest daughter, Maria, to counter the conflict in the future.
Along the way to Valencia, El Cid also conquered other cities, many of which are near Valencia, such as El Puig and Quart de Poblet.
El Cid gradually had a greater influence on Valencia, which was then ruled by Al-Qadir. In October 1092 a rebellion took place in Valencia inspired by the chief judges of Ibn Jahhaf and Almoravids. El Cid starts to besiege Valencia. The December 1093 attempt to cancel the siege failed. By the time the siege ended in May 1094, El Cid had carved his own kingdom on the Mediterranean coast. Officially El Cid ruled on behalf of Alfonso; in fact, El Cid is entirely independent. The city is Christian and Muslim, and the Moor and Christian are serving in the army and as administrators.
Death
El Cid and his wife Jimena DÃÆ'az lived peacefully in Valencia for five years until the Almoravids besieged the city. El Cid died on 10 June 1099. His death was probably caused by hunger and deprivation caused by the siege. Valencia was captured by Masdali on May 5, 1102 and it has not become a Christian city anymore for over 125 years. Jimena fled to Burgos, Castile, in 1101. He rode to the city with his escort and El Cid's body. Originally buried in Castile at the monastery of San Pedro de CardeÃÆ' Â ± a, his body is now located in the center of Burgos Cathedral.
Defeat
After his death, but still during the siege of Valencia, the legend states that Jimena ordered that El Cid's body be equipped with his armor and set up his horse Babieca, to raise his troop morale. In some variations of the story, dead Rodrigo and his knights won a hefty indictment against the besiegers of Valencia, who produced the lost-but-battle-and-winning catharsis for generations of Christians to follow. It is believed that this legend originated shortly after Jimena entered Burgos, and it came from the way in which the Jimena procession went up to Burgos, that is, beside her deceased husband.
Soldiers and common
Battle tactics
During his campaign, El Cid often ordered that books by Roman and Greek classical authors on military themes be read to him and his troops, for entertainment and inspiration before the battle. El Cid forces have a new approach to strategy planning as well, holding so-called "brainstorming" sessions before each battle to discuss tactics. They often use unexpected strategies, engage in what the modern generals call psychological warfare - awaiting enemies paralyzed by terror and then attacking them all of a sudden; distract enemies with a small army, etc. (El Cid uses this disorder to capture the city of CastejÃÆ'³n as depicted in Cantar de Mio Cid ( My Cid Song >.) El Cid accepts or enters suggestions from his troops.In < i> The Song the person who serves him as his closest advisor is the vassal and his relatives ÃÆ' lvar FÃÆ'¡ÃÆ' Â ± ez " Minaya " (means "brother" , the word Spanish plural possessive Mi (My) and Anaia , the basque word for brothers ), although the history of ÃÆ' lvar FÃÆ'¡ÃÆ' Â ± ez remain in Castile with Alfonso VI.
Together, these practices imply an intelligent and intelligent commander who is able to attract and inspire good subordinates, and who will attract much loyalty from his followers, including those who are not Christians. These are these qualities, coupled with El Cid's legendary martial arts skills, which have propelled his reputation as an outstanding battlefield commander.
Babieca
Babieca or Bavieca is the El Cid war horse. There are several stories about El Cid and Babieca. One famous legend about El Cid explains how he got the stallion. According to this story, Rodrigo's godfather, Pedro El Grande, was a monk at the Carthusian monastery. Pedro's gift that comes to age to El Cid is he chooses a horse from a herd of Andalusia. El Cid chooses a horse that his godfather thought was weak, a bad choice, causing the monk to exclaim "Babieca !" (stupid!) Therefore, it became the name of El Cid's horse. Another legend states that in the battle rivalry to become "Campeador" King Sancho, or champion, a horseman would like to challenge El Cid. The king hopes a fair battle and gives El Cid his best horse, Babieca, or Bavieca. This version says Babieca grew up in the royal stable of Sevilla and is a highly trained and loyal war horse, not a stupid horse. The name in this example may indicate that the horse came from the Babia region of LeÃÆ'³n, Spain. In the poem Carmen Campidoctoris, Babieca appears as a gift from "a barbarian" to El Cid, so his name can also come from "Barbieca", or "barbarian horses".
Regardless, Babieca became a great war horse, famous for Christians, feared by El Cid's enemies, and beloved by El Cid, who allegedly requested Babieca to be buried with him at the monastery of San Pedro de CardeÃÆ'Â ± a. His name is mentioned in several stories and historical documents about El Cid, including The Lay of El Cid .
Swords
The weapons traditionally identified as the El Cid sword, Tizona, are used to be displayed at the Army Museum (Museo del EjÃÆ' Â © rcito) in Toledo. In 1999, a small sample of knives underwent a metallurgical analysis that confirmed that a knife was made in Moorish CÃÆ'³rdoba in the eleventh century and contained a number of Damascus steel.
In 2007, the Autonomous Communities of Castile and LeÃÆ'³n bought swords worth 1.6 million Euros, and are currently on display at the Burgos Museum.
El Cid also has a sword called Colada.
Marriage and family
El Cid was married in July 1075 to Jimena DÃÆ'az, who was said to be a sister of King Alfonso. The Historia Roderici called him a daughter of Count Diego Fernández de Oviedo. The tradition states that when El Cid first saw her, she was captivated by her magnificent beauty. El Cid and Jimena have two daughters and one son. The last, Diego Rodriguez, was killed during a war against the Almoravids of Muslims who invaded North Africa at the Battle of Consuegra in 1097. Like his own marriage, El Cid would link his family to the royal family on the Iberian peninsula through the marriage of his two daughters. Cristina RodrÃguez marries Ramiro, Lord of Monzón and grandson of GarcÃÆ'Â ± a IIIâ € â„¢ s III of Navarre. Her own son, El Cid's grandson, will be taken to the throne of Navarre as King of GarcÃÆ'ÂArÃÆ'ÃÆ'Â rez. Another daughter, Maréma, was said to be first married to the prince of Aragon, perhaps son of Peter I, and he then married Ramon Berenguer III, Barcelona count.
El Cid in literature and music
The figure of El Cid has been the source for many works of literature, beginning with Cantar del Mio Cid, an epic poem from the 12th century that gives part of a fictional account of his life. This poem, along with other similar works such as Mocedades de Rodrigo, contributes to describing El Cid as a hero of the Reconquista knight, making him a legendary figure in Spain. At the beginning of the 17th century, Spanish writer GuillÃÆ'Â © n de Castro wrote a play called "Las Mocedades del Cid", in which the French playwright Pierre Corneille based one of his most famous tragic, Le Cid. He is also a source of popular inspiration for Spanish writers in the Romantic period, such as Juan Eugenio Hartzenbusch, who wrote "La Jura de Santa Gadea", or JosÃÆ'Â © Zorrilla, who wrote a long poem called "La Leyenda del Cid".
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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