Horses are stallions that have not been milled (castrated). Males follow conformations and phenotypes of their breeds, but in that standard, the presence of hormones such as testosterone can give thicker stallions, "crest" necks, and a slightly more muscular physique than a mare, known as a mare. , and castrate men, called geldings.
Temperaments vary greatly by genetics, and training, but because of their instincts as herd animals, they may tend to behave aggressively, especially against other horses, and therefore require careful management by knowledgeable handlers. However, with proper training and management, the stallion is an effective horse athlete at the highest level of many disciplines, including horse racing, horse performances, and international Olympic competitions.
The term "stallion" comes from the era of Henry VII, which authorizes a number of laws relating to the breeding and exporting of horses in an attempt to increase British stocks, where it is forbidden to allow unedicated male horses to change in fields or in public areas; they must "stay within limits and be tied up in a stall." (The term "stallion" for a stallion that is not surveyed comes from this time: stallion horse = stuck.) "Stallion" is also used to refer men from other places, including zebra and mules.
Video Stallion
Behavior flock
Contrary to popular myths, many horses do not live with harems of horses. Also, in nature, they fight each other to death in the competition for the horse. Being a social animal, a stallion that can not find or win a harem of a horse is usually united in a group of "bachelors" of horses made up of horses of all ages. Even with a group of horses, the stallion is not the leader of the herd, but defends and protects the herd from predators and other horses. The leadership role in the herd is held by horses, known as "mare" or "mare". The horse determines the movement of herds as she travels to get food, water, and shelter. He also determines the route his herd takes while escaping from danger. As the herd is moving, the dominant stallion leads members closer to the group and acts as a "rearguard" between the herd and potential sources of danger. When the flock is resting, all members share the responsibility of watching for danger. Male horses are usually on the edge of groups, to keep the herds if needed.
There is usually one adult male horse that is dominant for any herd of mixed horses. The dominant male horse in this herd will tolerate both types of horses when young, but once they become sexually mature, often as children a year or two, the stallion will encourage colts and fillies from the herd. Colts may present competitions for stallions, but studies show that riding horses of both sexes may also be an instinctive behavior that minimizes the risk of inbreeding in herds, as most young people are the dominant male stallion in the group. In some cases, a younger young adult male can be tolerated on the periphery of a herd. One theory is that this young man is regarded as a potential successor, because in time the younger stallion will eventually expel the older stallion.
Fillies usually soon join different bands with dominant males different from others. Colts or young stallions without their own horses usually form small, all-male, "bachelor bands" in the wild. Living in a group gives these horses the social benefits and protection of life in a herd. A bunch of bachelors can also load older stallions who have lost their flock in a challenge.
Other male horses may directly challenge a stallion, or maybe just try to "steal" the horse and form a new smaller herd. In both cases, if both horses meet, there is rarely a proper fight; more often there will be bullying behavior and a weaker horse will retreat. Even if the fight for domination occurs, rarely opponents harm each other in the wild because weaker fighters have a chance to escape. The fight between a stallion in captivity can cause serious injury; fences and other forms of confinement make it more difficult for animals to lose to escape safely. In the wild, wild horses have been known to steal or marry with tame horses.
Maps Stallion
Reproductive anatomy
The horse reproductive system is responsible for sexual behavior and secondary sex characteristics (such as the big symbol). The external genitalia consists of:
- testes, which are suspended horizontally in the scrotum. The testicles of average stallions are ovoids of 8 to 12 cm (3.1 to 4.7 inches) long, 6 to 7 centimeters (2.4 to 2.8 inches) tall with a width of 5 cm (2.0 inches) ;
- The penis, in preputium, is also known as "sheath". Male horses have a vascular penis. When not erect, soft enough and present in the foreskin (foreskin or sheath). Retractable penis muscle is relatively undeveloped. Erections and bulges occur gradually, with increased enlargement of erectile vessel tissue in the penis corpus cavernosum . When not erect, the penis is placed in a prepuce, 50 cm (20 inches) long and 2.5 to 6 cm (0.98 to 2.36 inches) with a distal end of 15 to 20 cm (5.9 to 7.9 inches). Contraction of the retractor muscle to retract the penis into the sheath and relaxes to allow the penis to extend from the sheath. When erect, the penis doubles the length and thickness and the gland increases by 3 to 4 times . Urethra opens within urethral urethra , small pouch at the distal end of the gland. A structure called the urethral process project outside the gland.
The internal genitalia consists of accessory sex glands, which include the vesicular glands, the prostate gland and the bulbourethral gland. It contributes fluid to semen during ejaculation, but is not really necessary for fertility.
Management and handling stallions maintained
The controlled male horse is trained and managed in various ways, depending on the world's territory, the philosophy of the owner, and the temperament of individual stallions. However, in all cases, the stallions have an inborn tendency to try to dominate other horses and human handlers, and will be affected to some extent because it is close to other horses, especially horses in the heat. They should be trained to behave with respect to humans at all times or their natural aggressiveness, especially the tendency to bite, may pose serious injury danger.
For this reason, regardless of management style, the stallion should be treated as an individual and should only be handled by experienced people with horses and thus recognize and correct inappropriate behavior before it becomes a danger. While some breeds have a softer temperament than others, and individual stallions may behave reasonably well even for an inexperienced handler for a short time, common sense should always be used. Even the softest stallions have a natural instinct that can overcome human training. As a general rule, children should not handle stallions, especially in nursery environments.
Horse management usually follows one of the following models: confinement or "isolation" management, where horses are kept alone, or in a management system called "natural" management, "flock" or "grassland" where horses are allowed with horses others. In the "harem" model, the stallion is allowed to roam with horses similar to wild or semi-wild flocks. In the model of "bachelor herd", the stallion is kept in a group of single stallions, or, in some cases, with stallions and gendings. Sometimes horses can be managed periodically in some systems, depending on the season of the year.
The advantage of this type of natural management is that horses are allowed to behave "like horses" and may exhibit fewer stable bad properties. In harem models, horses can "cycle" or reach estrus more easily. Supporters of natural management also affirm that horses are more likely to "settle" (become pregnant) in natural herd settings. Some horse managers keep horses with mares throughout the year, others will only change horses with horses during the breeding season.
In some places, young live horses are allowed to live apart in "bachelor flocks" as they grow older, continue to be invisible, sound or smell of horses. A Swiss study shows that even mature mares that are kept away from other horses can live peacefully together in a group setting if proper precautions are taken when an early herd hierarchy is established.
For example, in New Forest, England, breeding stallions run out in open forests for about two to three months each year with horses and youngstocks. After being taken from the Forest, many of them live together in a bunch of bachelors for most of the rest of the year. New forest horses, when not in their breeding jobs, take part in annual round-ups, work with horses and gelde, and compete successfully in many disciplines.
However there are disadvantages to natural management. One is the date of breeding, and hence the foaling date, any given horse will be uncertain. Another problem is the risk of injury to horses or horses in the process of natural breeding, or the risk of injury while hierarchies are established in a herd of all-men. Some stallions become very anxious or temperamental in a group setting and may lose sufficient weight, sometimes to the point of health risks. Some may become very protective of their horses and thus more aggressive and dangerous to deal with. There is also a greater risk that horses may escape from the meadow or be stolen. The male horse can break the fence between adjacent fields to fight another stallion or marry with the "wrong" horse herd, thus placing the questioned horse lineage.
Another common way of managing horses is to lock them individually, sometimes in small cages or enclosures with high fences, at other times in cages, or in certain places, in small fields (or meadows) with strong fences. The benefits to individual confinement include less risk of injury to stallions or other horses, controlled periods for horse horses, greater certainty of what is mated when, less risk of escape or theft, and ease of access by humans. Some stallions have such temperaments, or develop cruel behavior due to improper socialization or poor handling, that they must be confined and can not be kept in nature, either because they behave in harm's way to other horses, or because they are harmful to humans when it's off.
Disadvantages in the confinement vary with the detail of the actual method used, but the horse that keeps out of the group setting requires a balance of nutrients and a careful sport for optimal health and fertility. Lack of exercise can be a serious problem; Adult males without sufficient exercise may not only be fat, which can reduce both health and fertility, but can also become aggressive or develop a stable bad trait due to pent up energy. Some horses in sight or the sound of other horses may become aggressive or noisy, calling or challenging other horses. This is sometimes handled by keeping the horses in total isolation from other animals.
However, complete isolation has significant disadvantages; Stallions can develop additional behavioral problems with aggression due to frustration and pent-up energy. As a general rule, horses that have been isolated from a period of weaning or sexual maturity will have a more difficult time adapting to a herd environment than those allowed to live close to other animals. However, since horses are instinctively social beings, the stallion is believed to benefit from the social interaction that is allowed with other horses, although proper management and precaution are needed.
Some managers try to compromise between the two methods by providing their own daily stallion rations in fields where they can see, smell, and hear other horses. They may be stuck in warehouses where there is a bar or grille among the stalls where they can look out and see other animals. In some cases, the horse can be kept with or next to a pet or a companion animal instead of a horse like a goat, a gelded donkey, a cat, or any other creature.
Trained male horses can live and work near horses and each other. Examples include the Lipizzan horse from the Spanish Equestrian School in Vienna, Austria, where the whole group of horses live part-time in bachelor swarms as young colts, then stabilize, train, perform, and travel around the world as adults with little if any problems management. However, even horses who are not familiar with each other can work safely within a reasonable distance if trained properly; Most Thoroughbred horses on the racetrack are horses, as are many horse athletes in the form of other rivalries. Male horses are often performed together in the same ring at horse performances, especially in the halter class where their conformation is evaluated. In horse show competitions, stallions and mares often compete in the same arena with one another, especially in Western and British "pleasure" classes where horses work as a group. Overall, stallions can be trained to stay focused on the job and may perform brilliantly if handled properly.
A stallion is more likely to present challenging behavior to a human handler than a person who has not raised a horse, and a stallion may be more difficult to handle in spring and summer, during the breeding season, than in autumn and winter. However, some stallions are used for both riding use and for breeding at the same time of the year. Although compromise may need to be made in the hope for athletic performance and fertility rates, a well trained stallion with a good temperament can be taught that breeding behavior is only allowed in certain areas, or with certain gestures, equipment, or with certain handlers. However, some stallions do not have the temperament to focus on the work if it also keeps the horse at the same time period, and therefore is taken from the competition either temporarily or permanently to be used for breeding. When permitted by the breed registry, the use of artificial insemination is another technique that can reduce behavior problems on horses.
The horses' cultural view
Attitudes toward stallions vary in different parts of the world. In some parts of the world, the practice of walnut is not widespread and horses are common. Elsewhere, most men are welded and only a few horses are kept as livestock germs. Horse breeders who produce pure bloodstocks often recommend that no more than the top 10 percent of all males be allowed to reproduce, in order to continuously improve certain horse breeds.
People sometimes have an inaccurate belief about a stallion, both positive and negative. Some beliefs are that the stallion is always evil and uncontrollable, another belief is that males behave badly to be left to do wrong because they are "natural", "passionate" or "noble". In some cases, fed by film and fictional depictions of horses in literature, some believe that horses can bind to one individual human to rule out another. Yet, like many other misunderstandings, there is only partial truth to this belief. Some, though not all males can be malignant or difficult to handle, sometimes because of genetics, but usually because of inappropriate training. Others are highly trained and have excellent behavior. A naughty stallion may look beautiful or show instinctive behavior, but it can still be dangerous if not fixed. Some stallions behave better for some people than others, but that also applies to some horses and gelde.
In parts of Asia and the Middle East, horseback riding is widespread, especially among male riders. The contents of the stallion are unusual, culturally seen as unnecessary or unnatural. In areas where walnut is not practiced widely, horses are still not needed in the same amount as horses, and many will be destroyed, whether sold for horse meat or simply sold to merchants who will take them out of the region. Of those remaining, many will not be used for breeding purposes.
In Europe, Australia, and America, keeping the stallion is not very common, especially limited to pure race animals that are usually trained and placed in competition to test their quality as future nursery stock. The majority of stallions are welded at an early age and then trained for use as daily workers or riding animals.
Geldings
If the horse will not be used for breeding, hunting the stallion will allow it to live full-time in flocks with males and females, reduce aggressive or disturbing behavior, and allow horses to be around other animals without being seriously confused. If the horse is not used for breeding, the horse can be excavated before it reaches sexual maturity. A young welded horse may grow taller and behave better if this is done. Sterile old stallions or no longer used for breeding can also be welded and will exhibit quieter behavior, even if previously used for breeding. However, they are more likely to continue behavior like horses than horses that are welded at a younger age, especially if they have been used as breeding horses. Modern surgical techniques allow castration performed on horses of almost any age with relatively little risk.
In many cases, especially in modern industrial culture, males that are not qualified enough to be used in breeding will have a happier life without having to deal with the instinctive, hormon-driven behavior that comes with staying intact. Geldings are safer to handle and present fewer management problems. They are also more widely accepted. Many stables will reject clients with stallions or put on more money to keep them. Some types of horse-riding activities, such as events involving children, or clubs that sponsor pure recreational events such as horseback riding, may not allow horses to participate.
However, just as some pet owners may have conflicting emotions about castrating a dog or cat, some horse owners may be unsure about the horse's horse. One branch of the animal rights community argues that castration is mutilation and damages the animal's soul.
Ridglings
A ridgling or "rig" is a cryptorchid, a horse that has one or both undescended testes. If his two testicles did not go down, the horse might look like a germ, but it would still behave like a stallion. A candle that displays behavior like a horse is sometimes called a "fake rig". In many cases, ridglings are infertile, or have significantly reduced fertility rates. This condition is most easily corrected by splitting horses. More complicated and expensive surgical procedures can sometimes improve the condition and restore the fertility of animals, although it is only cost-effective for horses that have very high potential as a stallion. This operation generally removes the undescended testes, leaves the falling testicles, and creates a horse known as the monorchid stallion. Keeping cryptorchids or surgical monorchids made as a stallion is controversial, since these conditions are at least partly genetic and some handlers claim that cryptorchids tend to have higher levels of behavior problems than normal horses.
See also
- Horse breeding
- Horse behavior
References
External links
- Update on the sheath cleanup, with video links how
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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