Santa Fe Trail is a 19th century transport route through central Central America connecting Independence, Missouri with Santa Fe, New Mexico. Spearheaded in 1821 by William Becknell, it served as a vital commercial highway until the introduction of the train to Santa Fe in 1880. Santa Fe is near the end of El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro, which carries trade from Mexico City.
The route circled the northern edge and crossed the northwest corner of the Comancheria, the Comanches region, which demanded compensation to give way to the path, and represented other markets for American merchants. Comanche robbed further south in Mexico isolating New Mexico, making it more dependent on American trade, and providing Comanches with a stable stock of horses for sale. In the 1840s, traffic along the Arkansas Valley was so dense that the bison herds could not reach important seasonal grazing land, contributing to their collapse, which in turn accelerated the decline in Comanche's forces in the region.
The American Army used a trail route in 1846 for the New Mexico invasion during the Mexican-American War.
After the US acquisition of Southwest ended the war, the imprint helped open the region to U.S. economic development and housing, playing a key role in the expansion of the US into the land it has acquired. This road trip is commemorated today by the National Park Service as the Santa Fe National Historic Trail . Highway routes that roughly follow the path through all of Kansas, the southeastern corner of Colorado, and northern New Mexico have been designated as the Santa Fe Trail National Loop Trail.
Video Santa Fe Trail
History
The Santa Fe Trail is a transport route opened by the Spaniards in the late 18th century and was used by Americans in the 19th century, across Northwestern North America connecting Independence, Missouri to Santa Fe, New Mexico.
The French explorer Pedro Vial pioneered the route in 1792 and the Santa Fe Line was founded in 1828 to take advantage of new trading opportunities with Mexico, which had just won independence from Spain in the Mexican War of Independence. The trail was used to transport manufactured goods from the state of Missouri in the United States to Santa Fe, located in the northern Mexican state of Nuevo Mexico.
The wagon train follows the various emigrant paths to the points to the west as people respond to the opportunity to hold the free land, and as Manifest Destiny's political philosophy dominates national political discussions. Connecting the river port city and their railway, railway outfitters to west destinations, the trail is a fundamentally important trade route, bringing manufactured products from the central plains of the United States to the cities of St. Joseph and Independence, Missouri trails. In the 1820s 30s, it was also sporadically important in upside trades, bringing food and supplies to trappers of feathers and mountain men opening up the remote Northwest, especially in the Northwest interior: Idaho, Wyoming, Colorado, and Montana, connecting through mules trace (trap path) to point north to supply a favorable domestic trade.
North-South Trade
Santa Fe is near the northern terminal of El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro, which leads the land route from Mexico City to San Juan Pueblo, New Mexico.
The limited trade traffic on transit sites will be Fort Bent in Colorado (directly on the Santa Fe Trail) and a short-lived trading fort (name, owner, management, all uncertain dates) that sits on the Trapper's Trail path and Oregon Trail junction point. The post is just eight miles east of the Fort John site (now Ft. Laramie) (ca. 1833) on what became the Oregon Trail (1832-34). The missing fortress was on the same site where Fort Bernard was later established (1866) in eastern Oregon State (Wyoming). That Fort Bernard runs a mule cargo train to Santa Fe is historically for sure. Fort and his traders were less convinced, suggesting that they may be independent and not employees of large fur companies. Apart from the lack of explicit documents, it is known to trade lightly with Mexico using traces and Trapper's Trail.
The Importance of Santa Fe
In 1825, merchant Manuel Escudero of Chihuahua was commissioned by New Mexico Governor Bartolome Baca to negotiate in Washington for opening US borders to merchants from Mexico. Beginning in 1826, the leading aristocratic families of New Mexicans, such as ChÃÆ'¡vezes, Armijos, Pereas and Oteros entered trade along the way, so that in 1843, merchants from New Mexico and Chihuahua had become the majority of merchants involved in freight traffic in over the Santa Fe Trail.
In 1835, Mexico City had sent Albino PÃÆ'Â © rez to govern the New Mexico department as Jefe Politico (head of politics or governor) and as commanding military officer. In 1837, the power of Rio Arriba (the upper Rio Grande, that is, northern New Mexico) rebelled against the enforcement of the PÃÆ' Â © rez 'Mexican constitution recently, a new income law that weighed on trade and entertainment Santa Fe, and a huge grant of New Mexico land for the rich Mexicans. New Mexicans have grown to appreciate the relative freedom of the border, away from Mexico City. The rebels defeated and executed governor Albino Perez, but were later overthrown by Rio Abajo troops (lower Rio Grande, or southern New Mexico) led by Manuel Armijo.
Conflicts between Texas and Mexico
The Republic of Texas claims Santa Fe as part of the northern and eastern regions of the Rio Grande claimed by Mexico and Texas after its separation from Mexico in 1836.
In 1841, a small military and trade expedition departed from Austin, Texas representing the Republic of Texas and their president Mirabeau B. Lamar. Their goal was to persuade the Santa Fe and New Mexico people to relinquish control of the disputed territory with Mexico, and to the associated Santa Fe Trail trade. Having knowledge of the recent political upheaval, they believe they may be welcomed by rebel factions in New Mexico. Known as the Santa Fe Expedition in Texas, Texas troops underwent many difficulties and were subsequently captured by Mexican Armijo Governor's army under less honest negotiations. They were then subjected to harsh and loud treatment during a winding march to Mexico City, to be tried and imprisoned.
In 1842, Colonel William A. Christy wrote the Texas president, Sam Houston, requesting support for the scheme by Charles Warfield to increase his power to overthrow the Mexican provinces of New Mexico and Chihuahua and restore half of the spoils to the Republic of Texas. Sam Houston agrees, provided that the operation is held under strict secrecy. Charles was made colonel and tried to gather volunteers in Texas, St. Louis, and Southern Rockies for the Warfield Expedition. He recruited John McDaniel and a small group of men around St. Louis, giving McDaniel the rank of captain of Texas. After Charles headed to the Rockies with a companion, McDaniel led a robbery in April, 1843 (in Rice County, Kansas) today from a small manned Santa Fe Trail caravan, which resulted in the assassination of its leader Antonio José © ChÃÆ' ¡Vez, the former son governor Francisco Xavier ChÃÆ'¡vez of New Mexico. It was reported that Warfield was unaware of the crime, which resulted in the execution of McDaniel and one accomplice, and in prison the participants could be hunted by the US authorities. The news media reported that Americans and Mexicans were angry with the crime. Local traders and citizens at the end of the US Santa Fe Trail demand justice and return to a stable trade grown by their economies.
After the assassination of ChÃÆ'¡vez, Warfield began to limit military hostility using recruits from the Southern Rockies. He made unwarranted attacks against Mexican troops outside Mora, New Mexico, causing five people to die. The Warfield Horse is lost in the Wagon Mound to the chasing Mexican troops, and after reaching Bent's Fort on foot, the Warfield army disperses. In February, 1843 Colonel Jacob Snively had received a commission to intercept caravans along the Santa Fe Line, similar to the commission received by Warfield the year before. After dismissing the volunteers under his command, Warfield was in and joined the 190 Texans "Invincibles Battalion," under the command of Snively. New Mexico Governor Manuel Armijo led Mexican troops out of Santa Fe to protect the incoming caravan, but after Invincibles wiped out an advanced party led by Captain Ventura Lovato, the governor withdrew. After this battle, the troops of Snively were reduced to more than 100 people due to resignation. The Snively Expedition Plan was to loot the Mexican merchant caravans in the area claimed by Texas, in retaliation for Texas's recent execution and Mexican invasion, but was quickly captured and disarmed by US escort troops. Captain Philip St. George Cooke allowed Invincibles to return to Texas after disarming them.
Maps Santa Fe Trail
Mother of the train
In 1863, with all the political disputes over the railway law, entrepreneurs opened their pockets and directed their views on Southwest America leading to a gradual east-to-west construction of Atchison, Topeka and the Santa Fe Train; the eponymous name reflects the intentions of the founders, the eastern terminal expected to be in Atchison, Kansas.
Inside Kansas, AT & amp; SF is roughly parallel to the Santa Fe Line in western Topeka as it extends between 1868 and 1874. When a railway bridge is built across the Missouri River to connect the eastern market to the Dodge City livestock line and the Colorado coal mine, the railroad spurs growth Kansas City. Kansas City is on the opposite shore of Saint Joseph, Missouri, one of the few towns that feed the settlers to West America. Building railroads extending westward to destinations inside and outside the borders of New Mexico was delayed and continued to panting trains seeking cash. In a move to bootstrap their own base market, trains begin offering packages "Shopping Shopping offers" to potential buyers who want to see more of the real estate package. Trains begin to reduce such travel to visit the land office and return the ticket price as part of the purchase price, if the sale is concluded.
The sale of railway provided by the congress encouraged the growth of new towns and businesses along its route, generating rail traffic and revenue. With this financial base, the railroads extend to the west, gradually adding new connections through the more violent western country along the west Line. With the development of rail transport, traffic on the Railway immediately declined to just local trade. In a sense, after World War I, the trail was reborn; in the 1920s it gradually became a paved car streets.
Route
The eastern end of the path is located in the town of Franklin in central Missouri on the north bank of the Missouri River. The first Missouri route used by Becknell follows part of the existing Trace Osage and Medical Path. To the west of Franklin, the trail crosses Missouri near Arrow Rock, then follows the US Route route today 24. It passes north of Marshall, through Lexington to Fort Osage, then to Independence. Independence is also one of the historic "jumping points" for the Oregon and California Path.
West Independence, roughly follows the US Route 56 route from nearby Olathe town to the western border of Kansas. It enters Colorado, cutting in the southeast corner of the country before entering New Mexico. Part of the trail between Independence and Olathe is also used by immigrants in California and Oregon Trails, which branch out to the northwest near Gardner, Kansas.
From Olathe, the trail passes through Baldwin City, Burlingame, and Council Grove, then swings west of McPherson to Lyons town. To the west of Lyons, the trail follows almost the Great 56 route to Great Bend today. Traces of earth wounds are still visible in some locations (Ralph Ruts is visible in aerial photographs at ( 38.35959264 Â ° N 98.42225502 Â ° W / 38.35959264; -98.42225502 ) In Great Bend, the path meets the Arkansas River. the trail follows both sides of the river upstream to Dodge City and Garden City.
West of Garden City in southwest Kansas, the road is divided into two branches. One of the branches, called Mountain Route or Upper Crossing via the Raton Pass (Arkansas River) continues following the Arkansas Upper in southeast Colorado to the town of La Junta. At La Junta, the path continues south to New Mexico to Fort Union at Watrous.
Another major branch, called Cimarron Cutoff or Cimarron Crossing or Middle Crossing cuts southwest across the Cimarron Desert (also known as Waterscrape or
From Watrous, the branches reunited steadily south to Santa Fe. Part of this route has been designated as National Scenic Byway.
Challenges
The travelers face many difficulties along the Santa Fe Trail. The trail challenges 900 miles (1,400 km) of dry plains, deserts, and mountains. The natural climate is and the continent: a very hot and dry summer, coupled with a long and very cold winter. Fresh water is scarce, and the plateau is like a meadow almost without trees. The water flow in Pecos, Arkansas, Cimarron, and Canadian rivers that drain the area varies up to 90 or more percent in their currents for an average year. Also on this path, unlike the Oregon trail, there is a serious danger of Native American attack, as both Comanches and Apache of the southern highlands tolerate offenders. In 1825, Congress voted for federal protection for the Santa Fe Line, although most were in the Mexican territory. Food and water shortages also make traces very risky. Weather conditions, such as large thunderstorms, make the traveler more difficult. If the storm develops, there is often no shelter and the cattle can be frightened. Rattlesnake is often a threat, and many people die from snake bites. The size of the caravan increases later in life to prevent a Native American attack. Travelers also pack more cattle than donkeys because Native Americans do not risk taking a caravan for only a few bulls.
Historical preservation
This trail segment in Missouri, Kansas, Oklahoma, and New Mexico is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. In Missouri, this includes the 85th and 85th Street Segment Trail and Manchester, Arrow Rock Ferry Landing, Santa Fe Trail-Grand Pass Trail Segment, and Santa Fe Trail-Saline County Trail Segment. The longest clearly identifiable part of the trail, the Santa Fe Trail Remains, near Dodge City, Kansas, is listed as a National Historic Landmark. In Colorado, the Santa Fe Trail Mountain Route - Bent's New Fort is included in the National Register.
Important features
- Missouri
- Arrow Rock Landing, Santa Fe Spring, Huston Tavern)
- Harvey Spring/Weinrich Ruts
- Independence (Ruts Santa Fe trail, Lower Independence (Blue Factory) Landing, Upper Independence Landing (Wayne City).
- Kansas City (Landing Westport)
- Kansas
- Kansas City (Shawnee Mission, Great Blue River Crossing)
- Grove Board (Kaw Mission, Neosho River Crossing, Hermit Cave, Last Opportunity Shop, Oak Board, Oak Post Office)
- Fort Larned National Historic Site
- Fort Dodge (Grove and Jackson Island, Santa Fe Trail, Central Crossroads, Stone Point, Atkinson Fortress Site)
Mountain Route to Colorado
- Arkansas River Crossing
- Colorado
Mountain Route
- Benteng Benteng National Historic Site
- Raton Path
Cimarron Route via Kansas to Oklahoma
- Cimarron River
- Cimarron National Grassland
- New Mexico
Rute Gunung
- Clifton House
- Cimarron (Aztec Mill, Cimarron Plaza and Well)
- Peternakan Philmont Scout
Cimarron Route
- Kiowa National Lawn
Shared route
- Union Fortress National Monument
- Pecos National Historical Park
- Santa Fe
- De Vargas Street House, "The Oldest House in the US"
- National Rio Grande Heritage Area
See also
- MO: Jackson County Historic Site
- KS: Johnson County Historic Site
- OK: Historic Site of Cimarron County
- NM: Historic Site of Colfax County
- Oregon-California Path Association
- Pawnee Rock
- Related National Park Units
- Fort Larned National Historic Site
- Benteng Benteng National Historic Site
- Union Fortress National Monument
- Santa Fe Trail Remaining
- Santa Fe Trail Museum, part of the Trinidad History Museum
- Trailside Center Museum in Kansas City, Missouri
- Great Santa Fe Trail Race Horse Endurance Ride
- Beautiful trails in the United States
- Trees in Traces
References
Further reading
- Lalla Maloy Brigham, The Grove Grove Story on the Santa Fe Trail. 1921.
- Almira Cordry, The Story of the Santa Fe Tracing Marking by the Princess of the American Revolution in Kansas and the State of Kansas. Crane Co., 1915.
- Robert Luther Duffus, Santa Fe Path. New York: Longmans, Green, 1930.
- William Patrick O'Brien. Merchant of Independence: International Trade on Santa Fe Trail, 1827-1860 (2014)
- Peters, Arthur K. (1996). Seven trail west . Abbeville Press. ISBN: 1-55859-782-4.
- William E. Unrau, Indians, Alcohol, and the Road to Taos and Santa Fe. Lawrence, KS: University Press Kansans, 2013.
External links
- Santa Fe National Historic Trail
- Santa Fe Trail Center
- Santa Fe Trail Research
- Santa Fe Trail Research Sites Trail Photos of Santa Fe Trail Air Tours
- Access documents, photos and other major sources in Kansas Memory, Kansas State Historical Society's digital portal
- New Mexico Santa Fe Trail National Scenic Byway
- Glorieta and Raton Path: Gateway to the Southwest, Teaching National Parks Service with Historic Sites (TwHP) lesson plans
- Pioneer Path from US Land Survey
- Oklahoma Digital Map: Oklahoma Digital Collections and Indian Territories
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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