A Rickshaw initially showed a two or three-wheel passenger train, now known as a pulled rickshaw, which is generally pulled by one person carrying one passenger. The first known use of the term was in 1879. Over time, bicycle rickshaws (also known as becak or becak), becaks, and electric becak were invented, and had replaced the original pedicab, with some exceptions for its use in tourism.
Picking rickshaws creates a popular form of transport, and a source of employment for male workers, in Asian cities in the 19th century. Their appearance is related to new knowledge of the ball-bearing system. Their popularity declined because cars, trains and other forms of transportation became widely available.
Bajaj is becoming more popular in some cities in the 21st century as an alternative to taxis because of its low cost.
Video Rickshaw
Etimologi
Becak is derived from Japanese jinrikisha ( ??? , ? jin = man, ? riki = power or power, ? sha = vehicle), which literally means "human powered vehicles".
Maps Rickshaw
History
Origin
Pedicabs were discovered in Japan around 1869, after the lifting of the wheeled vehicle ban from the Tokugawa period (1603-1868), and at the beginning of a period of rapid technical progress in Japan.
Inventor
There are many theories about the inventor, with the most probable and widely accepted theory of Rickshaw being discovered in Japan in 1869, by Izumi Yosuke, who formed a partnership with Suzuki Tokujiro and Takayama Kosuke to build vehicles, which have been "inspired by the horse- had been introduced to the streets of Tokyo a few years earlier ".
Other theories about Rickshaw's inventors include:
- Jonathan Scobie (or Jonathan Goble), an American missionary to Japan, is said to have discovered a rickshaw around 1869 to take his unauthorized wife through the streets of Yokohama.
- An American blacksmith named Albert Tolman is said to have discovered a rickshaw, or "man drawn lorry", in 1846 in Worcester, Massachusetts, for a missionary bound in South America.
- In New Jersey, the Burlington County Historical Society claimed the discovery of 1867 by rail maker James Birch, and exhibited Birch rickshaws at his museum.
The Japanese historian Seidensticker writes about the theory:
Although the origin of rickshaw is not entirely clear, they seem to be Japanese, and Tokyo special. The most widely accepted theories offered the names of three inventors, and gave 1869 as the date of discovery.
Description
The vehicle has wooden carriages that drive "superior Western wheels" and is a dramatic improvement over earlier modes of transportation. While the previous sedan seat requires two people, rickshaw generally only need one person. More than one person is required for hilly or mountainous areas. It also provides a smoother ride for passengers. Other forms of vehicles at the time were drawn by animals or wheelbarrows.
The Powerhouse Museum in Sydney, Australia, has had a pedicab in its collection for over 120 years. It was made around 1880 and is described as:
A rickshaw, or Jinrikisha, is a light, two-wheeled wagon consisting of a doorless body, like a chair, mounted in a spring with a foldable hood and two axes. Done in black lacquer-ware on wood, it was drawn by a single rickshaw runner.
The end of the 19th century
At the end of the 19th century, the hand-drawn Rickshaw became a cheap and popular mode of transportation throughout Asia. Farmers who migrate to major Asian cities often work first as rickshaw drivers. It is "the most deadly occupation of the East, [and] the most degrading for humans to be pursued."
Japanese
Starting in 1870, the Tokyo government issued permission to build and sell ??? (jinrikisha: pedicab in Japanese) to a trio believed in Asia as a rickshaw inventor: Izumi Yosuke, Takayama Kosuke, and Suzuki Tokujiro. To operate a rickshaw in Tokyo, a seal is needed from these people. In 1872, they replaced kago and norimono, becoming the main mode of transportation in Japan, with around 40,000 tricycles operating. At that time the power of man is much cheaper than the strength of the horse; horses are generally only used by the military. Some pedicabs are artistically decorated with paintings and rear elevations. Currently, more vibrant decorating styles are prohibited. If their families are financially wealthy, they may have their own rickshaw runners. Generally, runners travel 32 to 48 kilometers (20 to 30 mi) a day, with an average travel speed of 8 kilometers (5.0 million) per hour.
Japanese rickshaw manufacturers produce and export rickshaw to Asian and South African countries.
Singapore
Singapore received the first rickshaw in 1880 and as soon as they were productive, made "a real change in traffic on the streets of Singapore." Bullock carts and carriages were used before the becak was introduced.
Many of the poorest people in Singapore at the end of the nineteenth century were poor and unskilled Chinese. Sometimes called coolies, hard workers find that pulling a rickshaw is a new opportunity to work.
In 1897, martial law declared an end to a four-day rickshaw worker strike.
More
In China, rickshaws were first seen in 1873 and used for public transport the following year. Within a year there are 10.000 tricycles that operate. Around 1880 rickshaws appeared in India, first introduced in Simla by Reverend J. Fordyce. At the turn of the century, they were introduced in Calcutta, India, and in 1914 was a conveyance to rent. The rickshaw was also introduced to Korea in the late 19th century.
20th century
After World War II, there was a major shift in the use of human-powered rickshaws:
Hand-picked rickshaws are a shame to modernize the urban elite in the Third World, and are widely prohibited, partly because they are symbolic, not modern, but feudal worlds with openly marked class distinctions. Perhaps the rickshaw passengers are sitting too close to the back of the working driver, who, in addition, is metaphorically a design animal used among the axis.
The becak cycle was built in the 1880s and was first used with regularity starting in 1929 in Singapore. They were found in every southern and eastern Asian country in 1950. In the late 1980s there were an estimated 4 million becak bikes in the world.
Africa
Becak was introduced to Durban, South Africa, and in 1904 there were about 2,000 registered becak drivers. Pedicab operated in Nairobi in the early 20th century; pullers broke down there in 1908. In 1920, they were used in Bagamoyo, Tanga, Tanzania, and other areas in East Africa for short distances.
Asia
Popularity of rickshaws in Japan has declined in the 1930s with the advent of automated forms of transportation such as cars and trains. After World War II, when gasoline and cars were scarce, they made temporary returns. The rickshaw tradition remains alive in Kyoto and the geisha district of Tokyo. In the 1990s, German-made bicycle rides called "velotaxis" were introduced in Japanese cities, including Kobe.
In China, the popularity of tricycles began to decline in the 1920s and especially as a mode of passenger transport in the 1950s. Rough forms of rickshaws are sometimes used to transport coal, building materials or other materials. Both motorbike rickshaws and pedal-power, or pedicab, are used for short-haul passengers. There are many rickshaws in many cities for the purpose of touring (in big cities like Beijing and Shanghai, with traditional Chinese rickshaws) or close-range transportation in some areas.
In Singapore, the popularity of tricycles increased to the 20th century. There were about 50,000 rickshaws in 1920 and that number had doubled in 1930. The becak cycle was used in Singapore beginning in 1929. Within six years, becak rode out in number with bicycle rickshaws, also used by sightseeing travelers.
In the 1930s, becak bikes were used in Kolkata, India; Jakarta, Indonesia; and Dhaka, Bangladesh. In 1950 they were found in many countries of Southeast and East Asia. By the end of the 20th century, there were 300,000 such vehicles in Dhaka. By the end of 2013, there are about 100,000 electric becak in Delhi.
North America
Pedicabs were introduced in North America in 1962, where they were a means of transportation at Seattle World's Fair in Washington state.
21st century
The 21st century has witnessed the rise of pedicabs, especially in motorized rickshaws and bicycle rickshaws. Auto rickshaws, also called velotaxis, have bounced back because they are about 1/3 to 1/2 the cost of a regular taxi. Velotaxis Germany is a three-wheeled vehicle, powered with space for the driver and, behind the driver, space for two passengers. Pedicab cycle is used in many cities in North America, Europe, and Asia. They are increasingly being used as an environmentally friendly short-haul way of transportation, especially in urban areas. Along with automatic rickshaw, they are also used (mainly by Asian cities) for tourism, because "their new value as a form of entertaining transportation".
Africa
In Madagascar, cycles are withdrawn and car rickshaws are a form of public transportation in a number of cities, especially Antsirabe. They are known as pousse-pousse , which means push-push .
Asia
Macau - Still using a tri-wheel bike rickshaw, or RiquexÃÆ'³ in Portuguese, because Macau is a Portuguese colony in the past, and this type of transportation is very famous until the end of the 20th century, due to the fact that small town and some cars, not so much motorcycles, very poor public transport and no other transportation such as trains or subway. You can go around the Macau peninsula and two islands in a rickshaw, and visit the RiquexÃÆ'³ Museum and see the evolution of a rickshaw from the 18th to the present.
Automatic cycle rickshaw, called velotaxis, popular in Kyoto and Tokyo, Japan. Its usage grows at a rate of about 20-30% per year in Japanese cities. Traditional rickshaws are still alive for travelers in some tourist attractions in Japan. Pedicabs are found in Hong Kong. In China, auto cycle cycles or pedals, or pedicabs, are used for short-haul passengers in large cities and many medium-sized cities. Most cities in India offer an auto rickshaw service; Hand-picked rickshaws exist in some areas, such as Kolkata (Calcutta) as part of their transport system which also includes bicycle rickshaws.
Australia
In Australia, pedicabs or bicycle rickshaws (3 wheels) are used in Melbourne and St Kilda. They are also seen in Cowaramup, Western Australia in Bakehouse '38.
Europe
Pedicab or trishaw cycle (3 wheel) is used in most continental European cities, such as:
- Austria: Vienna
- Denmark: Copenhagen and Odense
- France: Paris and Nantes
- Germany: Lake Constance, Berlin, Frankfurt, Hamburg, Hanover, and other cities.
- Hungary: Budapest
- Ireland: Cork and Dublin.
- Italy: Florence, Milan, and Rome
- Netherlands: Amsterdam and in the Caribbean, Willemstad
- Norway: Oslo
- Poland: KrakÃÆ'³w and? ÃÆ'³d?
- Russia: Saint Petersburg
- Spain: Barcelona and Valencia
In the UK, becaks operate in:
- London, mostly in Soho and other areas of central London. Their activities are not governed by Transport for London, so there is no limit to the fees they can charge.
- Edinburgh, where vendors are hired like taxis and provide tours.
- Oxford.
America
- In Canada there are rickshaws operating in Victoria and Vancouver. They are set in Toronto and Vancouver. The retractable rickshaw trains are available in downtown Ottawa, with an historical Byward Market tour.
- In the United States, San Diego and New York City each accommodate hundreds of trishaws; dozens of other cities in North America also have becak services. In New York, human-powered transportation is used primarily by tourists because of the cost. In New Orleans, rickshaws have been used to transport French Quarter travelers since the summer of 2012.
- In Mexico thousands of pedicabs. All drivers are in an informal condition, they have dangerous working conditions, long hours (11.3 hours a day), low wages (US $ 59.18 per week), and no social protection or benefits. 6.3% reported illness, 49.5% were associated with musculoskeletal conditions and only 11.6% were affiliated with the health system. 53.8% are vehicle owners and, although apparently not affecting physical illness (P = 0.03), this is psychosocial (P = 0.260).
Spain: Barcelona and Valencia
Type
Tricycles include:
- becak withdrawn; a two-wheeled passenger cart pulled by a human runner
- cycle becak, also called pedicab
- automatic rickshaw, also called tuk-tuk, car, mototaxi, or baby taxi
- Electric pedicab, also called e-rickshaw .
See also
Note
References
Additional readings
- Bandyopadhyay, Subir (1990). Calcutta rickshaw puller: sociological study . Minerva Associates Publications. ISBN: 8185195277.
- Fung, Chi Ming (2005). Reluctant heroes: Richshaw pullers in Hong Kong and Canton, 1874-1954 . Hong Kong University Press. Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. ISBN: 9622097340.
- Indian Institute of Economics (1962). Socio-economic survey of pedicab drivers in the Hyderabad City area . AP
- Mulhall, Priscilla (2010). Solar-assisted Electric Auto Rickshaw Three Wheeler . Illinois Institute of Technology.
- Warren, James Francis. Rickshaw Coolie: The History of the People of Singapore, 1880-1940 . NUS Press. ISBN: 997169266X.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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