On Horsemanship is the English title normally given to ???? ??????? , fairy hippik? s , one of two treatises on horseback by the historian and army of Athena Xenophon (ca. 430 - 354 BC). Other common titles for this work are De equis alendis and The Art of Horsemanship . Another work by Xenophon on horseback is ?????????? , hipparchikos , commonly known as Hipparchicus , or cavalry Commander . The title De re equestri can refer to either of them.
On horseback deals with horse selection, care and training in general. Military training and cavalry commander duties are handled at Hipparchicus .
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History
Written in about 350 BC, Xenophon's treatise is considered to be the earliest work that remains in horseback riding in any literature until the publication by Bed? Ich HroznÃÆ'½ in 1931 from the Hitt text, which by Kikkuli of the Mitanni Kingdom, dating from around 1360 BC.. A treatise on horseback by Pliny the Elder is believed to be lost, as Simon of Athens, twice mentioned by Xenophon on Riding. Some fragments of Simon's treatise persist; they were published by Ruehl in 1912.
Maps On Horsemanship
Initial edition
The first print edition of On Horseback is that in the Xenophon edition of 1516 from the Giunti press;
- started. ???? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? a  · ?????????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??... HÃÆ' | c in this book is included. X 8 Pedius year. Anabaseos book 7.;... apomnemoneumaton;... chase;... riding;... eating horses; lacedÃÆ' | monum resp ;.... Atheniensium resp.;... economy;... Jerome;... symposium;... Gra | Corum deeds of the book 7. [With dedication E. Boninis] (editioprinceps) Florentia |: In ÃÆ' | dibus gram Junta |, 1516
The earliest printing in Greek in the UK may be:
- ?. ????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ??????????? Accessere veterum testimonia de X. (Edited by H. Aldrich.) ?? ??????? ?? ??????, ???? [Oxford: Clarendon Press 1693]
Translation
- Berenger, Richard History and equestrian art London: T. Davies and T. Cadell 1771 pp.Ã, 219-234 Full text
- (various translators) The whole work of Xenophon London: Jones & amp; Co. 1832 pp.Ã, 717-728 Full text
- Morgan, Morris H. (trans.) Horseback Riding by Xenophon Boston: Little, Brown 1893 pp.Ã, 13-68 Full text
- Nyland, Ann (trans.) Art of horseback: Xenophon and other classical writers [S.l.]: Create Space, 2010 ISBN: 978-1-4505-5483-1
Contents of On horseback
Part I: Selecting Youth Horses
Xenophon details what to check when inspecting horses to be bought as a war horse. He is very careful to emphasize the importance of health. Recommendations include:
- A thick horn, and a frog held from the ground.
- Pasterns are not very straight and straight, because this will fire the rider and more likely to become sick, or too long and low, because they will strike the ground when galloping and will be cut off on the rock.
- The thick cannon bone
- Nice curvature on the knee, because the horse is unlikely to trip or break
- Thick and muscular bottom arm
- A wide chest, for beauty and because the foot will tend to interfere
- Neck that is set high and carried up. Xenophon believes this will allow the horse to better see what lies ahead, and also make it less able to defeat the rider, as it will be more difficult to lay his head.
- Head of bone with small jawbone, soft mouth, and prominent eyes for good vision
- Big nostrils, for good breathing and more malignant appearance
- Large and small symbols
- High moan, to help hold the rider, and give good attachment between shoulder and body
- Double "waist" is more comfortable to occupy, and more beautiful
- A round inner side, which allows the rider to stay easier, and allows the horse to better digest its food
- Width, short waist, allowing the horse to lift the forehand and involve the hindend (Xenophon describes the ability to gather), and stronger than the long loins.
- The back should be muscular and strong, for speed
- Gaskins and buttocks should be well separated, so the horse stands wide behind, allowing him to be more balanced, and proudly bearing
- He should not have a big testicle
Xenophon then directs the reader to see the young birds' cannons to predict his height.
It is interesting to note that many of Xenophon's suggestions are still applied today when choosing a sports horse.
Part II: Solve Colt
Xenophon first says that the reader does not need to waste time or endanger his health by personally breaking the horses.
Before the horse is sent to the coach, the owner should know that he has a good temperament and gentle nature. Horses must trust people, knowing that they are the providers of food and water. If this is done right, the young foal should grow to love people. The bridegroom must caress or scratch the donkey, so he enjoys the human company, and must carry the young horse through the crowd to familiarize it with the various sights and sounds. If the horse is frightened, the groom should convince him, rather than punish him, and teach the animal that there is nothing to be afraid of.
Part III: Selecting an Old Horse
Xenophon writes that these passages help readers not to be cheated.
Horse age must first be determined. To do so, Xenophon directs the reader to see the horse's teeth. If the horse has lost all its milk teeth (making it older than five), the authors advise readers not to buy horses.
The horse then has to be restrained, to make sure he receives a bit, and mounts it, to assess whether he will remain standing for the rider. He then had to be driven from the cage, to see if he was willing to leave the other horses.
The softness of the animal's mouth can be determined by volte in both directions. The horse then had to race, pull over hard, and turn in the opposite direction to see if he was responsive to control. Xenophon also suggested that readers ensure that the horse is benign to the whip, as non-submissive animals will only create disobedient mounts, which will be very dangerous in combat.
If the horse is meant to be mountain-mounted, it must jump over trenches, walls, and in and from tall banks, and also have to run up and down steep. These tests can be used to determine the spirit and health. However, Xenophon urges readers not to reject horses who can not easily perform these tasks, because this is more likely due to lack of experience than incompetence, and if horses are trained he will soon be able to perform these tasks easily. He does warn, however, that a nervous, indecent, or malignant horse can not be accepted as a mountain.
Xenophon concluded that good warfare must be healthy, gentle, fast, and above all: obedient.
Part IV: Caring for Horse
The horse should be placed in a cage where it can easily be examined by his master. This allows the employer to ensure his animal receives proper care, to prevent food stolen, and to see if the horse is spreading its food.
Xenophon believes that if the horse is spreading his food, he shows symptoms of too much blood, and requires animal care, that he is too tired, and needs rest, or that he is suffering from digestive disorders or some other illness. He stressed that these symptoms should be used as an early sign of the disease so that the horse guard will be able to catch the disease early on.
Xenophon also stressed the importance of caring for hooves. He suggested that the cage floor should not be damp and should not be smooth, and that the cage should be built with rocky channels of large stones the size of a horse's hooves. The cage garden should be of pebbles to strengthen the nails, and should be surrounded by an iron skirt so that the gravel does not spread. This surface is intended to strengthen the walls of nails, frogs, and soles of the feet.
The groom should lick the horse after he is fed every morning, and must oiling the horse after he is fed.
The mouth should be treated and made soft with the application of oil.
Part V: Caring for Horse
The bride must be well trained. He does not have to tie the dumbbell to the manger where the rope meets the head, because the horse tends to crash into his head in a manger and injure himself. The wound will make it less uncomfortable when curbed or prepared. He also had to tie a horse at a point above his head level, so, when the horse threw his head, he loosened the rope rather than tighten it.
The groom should be instructed to clean the animal enclosure every day. He had to put a snout to his mouth when the horse was taken out to be prepared or to roll up, or whenever he was taken to a place without a bit, so the horse could not bite, prevent horses from being bad.
The groom should first clean his head and mane, and walk under the animal's body. Hair should be brushed first against the grain, to remove dirt, and then toward the hair, to remove dirt. However, the horse's back should not be touched with a brush, but the groom should only use his hands to clean it, towards hair growth, so the area where the rider sits is not hurt.
The head should be cleaned only with water, because it is bone and will hurt otherwise. Crested should also be cleaned with water only. Xenophon notes that the crest prevents the irritation from entering the horse's eye. Tail and mane should be washed, to keep hair growing, because its tail is used to hit insects and manes can be snatched by the rider more easily if long. Xenophon also notes that the mane and tail are the pride of the horse, because broodmare will not allow itself to be easily covered by a donkey unless its lord is cut off.
It is recommended that the feet not be washed, as the nails worsen from daily washing, but should be rubbed and dried by hand. The stomach is also not to be washed, not only because it interferes with the horse, but because the clean stomach will collect more stuff on it, and the area will soon become dirty again.
Part VI: Caring for and Horse Riding is True and Safe
The groom has to face backwards while caring for the horse, and stands on the animal's foot near the shoulder blades, so as not to be kicked or thrown by the knee. He should avoid approaching the head or tail straight, because the horse can easily defeat it by raising or kicking. Therefore, the side is the safest place to stand.
The groom should clean the frog by taking the nails and folding the pasternenya up.
When leading the horse, the groom should not lead in front. To do so will prevent him protecting himself, and will let the horse do what he wants. Horses should also not lead the way, because he can easily cause problems or may turn to face the groom. Therefore, it is best to lead the horse from the side, because there he will be most manageable and it is the easiest place for him to be installed immediately if necessary.
To put a little into the horse's mouth, the groom should stand on the side near the horse, put the control over the head of the animal, and lift the head in his right hand while pointing slightly into the horse's mouth with his left hand. If the horse refuses a bit, the groom should hold his bite against the horse's teeth with his fingers, and insert his left thumb in the horse's jaw. If the horse still refuses, the groom should press the animal's lips on his canine teeth, which should make the horse open its mouth.
Here Xenophon suggested that the horse be pitted not only before he was done, but also before he was fed and taken home from the ride, so he did not need to associate a little with the discomfort and labor.
The groom should know how to give his feet in Persian fashion, so he can help his master, if he gets old, to ride.
Xenophon then stated that horses should never be handled angrily. If the horse is afraid of an object, it must be taught that there is nothing to be afraid of. The object must be touched by the person before the horse is led gently toward him. Hurting animals will only increase his fear, and he will associate the pain with the object itself.
Riders should be able to climb from the ground, because not all horses know how to lower their backs.
Part VII: Installation, Drive Position, and Training
To ride, the rider must take the lead (perhaps there is a third control to lead the horse) in his left hand and hold him. With his right hand he must be in control, along with a small key mane so he does not hit the horse in his mouth when he goes up. The rider should not hit the horse on his back as he climbs, but brings his legs completely over.
The soldier should be able to climb not only on the left side, but also on the right, so if he leads the horse in his left hand and brings his spear on his right he can quickly ride if necessary. sudden battle).
When mounted, the rider should sit on the horse not as if he was sitting in a chair, but as if he stood with his legs apart. This will allow him to hold on to his thighs, and an upright position will allow him to throw a javelin with greater force. The lower leg should hang loosely from the knee, as stiff legs are more likely to break if they collide with obstacles. The rider's body above his hips should be supple, since he will be able to move more easily when fighting and will tend not to slip if he is pushed. The left arm of the rider should be held beside him, giving him the greatest freedom and holding the most powerful control. It is interesting to note that this position is still considered the classically correct way to sit on a horse, regardless of the type of horseback riding performed.
The horse must stand quietly after the rider rises and as he adjusts his length or clutch on the spear. The bridle should be strong, but not slippery or thick, so the rider can hold his spear in his left hand along with his bridle, as it should be.
The rider should start riding on the road, so the horse is not excited. If the horse holds its head low, the rider should raise his hand, and if his head is too high, the rider should hold his hand slightly lower. The horse then had to run.
Xenophon gives clear instructions on how to provide help to lead the right to canter/gallop. This includes helping the horse when the opposite leg comes forward, because the foot on the desired lead will move forward. He also suggested to turn the horse in the desired direction.
Xenophon suggests the use of volte as an exercise for horses, as it makes it easy to turn in both directions and make both sides of the mouth both responsive. He also explained the ovular pattern, with wheels made at turns and marching in straight sections. However, he noted that the bend of the horse should be slowed, because it is not safe to turn at high speed, especially when the footing is slippery. When collecting horses, motorists should try to use the smallest possible control. He should not change the slope of his body, because he tends to end up falling. After the horse turned around, he had to be pushed quickly. This is to help him practice the charge, which will be useful in battle.
Horses should be allowed to rest for a while, before being suddenly asked to run as fast as possible from other horses. He then had to stop, turn around, and run back toward them.
Horses should never go down near another horse or a group of people, but at the workout site where he works.
Part VIII: Advanced Training
In this section, Xenophon describes advanced exercises for war horses, including jumps and cross country. He also instructs the rider on how to do this exercise, so that horses and riders can be trained well, and more able to help each other in difficult situations.
A green horse, which never jumps, must first be introduced to the gutter on the leading control, which must be released. Master must cross the obstacle first, and then pull the main tight control to push the horse to follow. Otherwise, whips should be applied intelligently. Xenophon mentions that the horse will not only remove obstacles, but will surpass it, and after that it will not require a switch to persuade him to jump but only see someone coming behind him. When the horse feels comfortable jumping in this way, he may be ridden and ridden first on a small one, and then passes through a larger trench.
When the horse is about to jump over any obstacle, Xenophon recommends applying the runway at take-off, so the horse will use its entire body over the obstacles and make a safer leap. If this is not done, he may be left with his back end.
When training a horse to run or down a steep slope, he must first be taught in a soft soil. Xenophon mentioned that the reader should not be afraid that the horse will dislocate the shoulder as it runs down the hill.
Xenophon then turned to the position of the rider. To gallop, the rider must be slightly inclined forward as the horse takes off, as the horse will be less likely to slip from under the rider. When pulling the horse up, the rider has to lean back, which will reduce the shock of a sudden speed change. Xenophon also suggests the rider loosen the control and takes the mane when he jumps the trench or climbs the ramp, so he does not pull the horse in the mouth. Down the steep slope, the rider should throw himself straight back and hold the horse with a bit.
It is recommended that these exercises vary where they are performed and in duration, so the horse does not become bored.
As an exercise for riders to improve their seats above all terrain, Xenophon suggests hunting for horses. If this is not possible, he suggests two riders working together, with one other pursuer. The horseman should pound the javelin to throw the other.
Xenophon ends this section by repeating the fact that the master should show goodness to the horse, and punish him only when he is disobedient. The horse will then be more willing, knowing that the obedience is rewarded.
Part IX: Riding the Soul and Mute Horse
Xenophon emphasized the importance of riding a very excited horse to disturb the animal as little as possible. After installation, the rider must sit quietly for longer than usual, and just ask the horse to leave with a little help. He has to start by walking slowly, and just gradually walk to step faster. The sudden signal will only disturb the horse.
To attract an excited horse, the rider must do it very slowly and calmly, rather than rudely, bringing a little slowly against it to persuade him to slow down. An eager horse will be happier if he is allowed to run faster than constantly being asked to turn, and should be allowed to run for a long time, as this has a calming effect and will help him relax. Someone should not ask for some quick gallops with the aim of exhausting the horse, because that would only make him angry. A soulful horse must always be checked, so he will not run away with his rider. He should never be raced against another horse, because that would only make it harder to handle.
As a rule, fine bits are better than a little rough. If rough bits are used, it should be used soft enough to resemble fine bits (this principle is still the basis used today).
Motorists should be careful to keep a quiet seat on a vibrant horse, and to touch it as little as possible, except with the parts of the body needed to maintain a firm position.
His master should not approach the eager horse in excitement, and should avoid bringing goods to the animal that frightened him. When the battle begins, it is best for the rider to stop and rest the horse, and if possible to feed him. However, Xenophon suggests that overzealous horses are not purchased for war purposes.
Xenophon points out that the blunted horse is ridden in a way contrary to what is used for the eager horse.
Part X: Creating a Show-Off and a Bit Suggestion
In the next section, Xenophon describes how to make a striking horse, with a sublime bearing and sublime. Interestingly, and more precisely of his time, he stressed that the rider should not pull a little or spur or horse whip, because this type of riding causes the opposite effect, just annoying and frightening the animal and causing him not to ride.. Instead, Xenophon insisted, the horse should enjoy himself. He should be trained to be ridden loosely, to hold his head high, curl around his neck, and swing with his front legs, enjoying the ride.
To do so, Xenophon suggests the rider has two bits: the lighter, the smoother with the bigger discs, and the louder, with the heavy flat discs and sharp spikes. When the horse catches the harder, he will not like the pain, and will drop a little. The rider can control the bit level of severity by controlling the amount of slack in control. Then, when he is driven lighter, he will be grateful for his subtlety, and will do all his movements with greater happiness and joy. Large disks on the fine bit will prevent it from holding.
All bits must be flexible so that the horse, because he will be a little stiff, can not hold it in his jaw and pull it. With a little loose, the horse will keep the mouth softer because he has nothing to take, and will drop a little from his bar. Xenophon proceeds by depicting a flexible bit as one with a wide and smooth joint, which is curved easily, and with some parts mounted around a non-densely packed ax. The rigid part will be a part that is not easily shifted, but encouraging each other.
Motorists, no matter what is used, when turning should draw quite a bit to create a response, but not so much that the horse throws its head sideways. At a time when the horse raises its neck to the pull, the rider must give little and lighten the pressure as a reward. Therefore, when the horse is enjoying curling his neck and raising his head high, the rider should not ask the horse to make a strenuous effort, but be gentle, as if he wants to give the horse a break. The horse will then be more likely to take quick steps, as the horse enjoys moving quickly, as long as he is not asked to do so excessively.
If the rider gestures to the horse to race, and holds it slightly, the horse will gather itself and raise its chest and forelegs. It will not be with natural flexibility, however, because horses are plagued by restraint. However, if the horse fire is ignited (which can be assumed to mean that it has energy and strength), and the rider eases slightly, the horse will move forward with pride, magnificent bearing, and flexed legs. He will not only be willing, but will show himself in the greatest splendor, passionate and beautiful.
Section XI: Creating a Horse Parade
Horses to be used for parades and state processions must have a high soul and a strong body. Although some may believe that a flexible leg will allow the horse to return, this is not the case. Instead, the animal must have a short, strong bending loin (here, Xenophon refers to the area between the ribs and gaskins, which may be regarded as the side, not the waist). The horse will then be able to place the backside down, and when pulled down a bit he will lower himself to the hocks and raise the front end so that his entire abdomen into the holster can be seen. As the horse does this, the rider must loosen the control, so the horse does it of his own will.
There are several methods of teaching horses backwards. Someone traded horses under his grasp; the other had a maid who ran next to the horse and attacked her with gaskins. However, Xenophon prefers a softer method, using the horse's desire for a reward if he obeys. He goes on to say that horse performance will not be more beautiful than dancers who are taught by whips and goads if he is forced in the same condition. The horse must, instead, perform on its own accord in response to set the signal by the rider.
To do this, Xenophon said, for example, riding a horse hard until he started to prance and show the air, at that time the rider had to come down and take out a little. This gift will cause the horse, at a later time, to show itself of his own volition.
If such an incredible horse is a cavalry general, and if his horses are in the air and prancing make a slight step forward (what might be interpreted as part of it), so the horseback may follow behind him by walking speed , and the group moves forward at a speed that is not too fast or too slow, not only the general will have a thrilling effect. If it raises the fire and animal spirit that whinny and snort, the whole company will be a thrilling spectacle.
Section XII: Equipment for the Battle
At the end of his treatise, Xenophon describes equipment for horses and riders during combat. For the rider, he mentioned that the corselet must fit properly, and that the rider should use a Boeotian helmet.
Gauntlet is recommended to protect the left hand of the horseman (who is in control), protecting the shoulders, arms, elbows and armpits. Fitnya discussed further.
Armor horses were then discussed, with frontlets, breastplate, and thigh pieces. Horse stomach is also recommended to be protected with saddle cloth. Horse limbs should also be protected.
Xenophon went on to discuss his weapon of choice, machaira and two wooden corn spears, and explained how to throw the javelin correctly when mounted.
See also
- Kikkuli
- Horses in battle
- List of authors on horseback
References
External links
- Greek Wikisource Greek has the original text associated with this article: ???? ???????
- In Horsemanship original text and translations in Perseus
- On Horsemanship full text in English from Project Gutenberg
- On Horsemanship public domain audiobooks on LibriVox
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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