In agriculture, fences are used to keep animals in or out of an area. They can be made from a wide variety of materials, depending on the terrain, location and animals to be limited. Most agricultural fences are on average about 4 feet (1.2 m) tall, and in some places, heights and fence constructions designed to raise livestock are mandated by law.
Video Agricultural fencing
History
Historically in most parts of the world, pets will roam freely and fenced off from different areas, such as gardens or fields, where they are not desirable. Over time, especially where crop farming becomes dominant and the density of both human and animal populations is significant, livestock owners are made to fence their animals.
The earliest fences are made from available materials, usually stone or wood, and these materials are still used for some fences today. In areas where field stones are abundant, fences have been built for years because the rocks were removed from the fields during land preparation and planting. The stones are placed on the edge of the field to get them out of the way. Later, the pile of stones grew tall and wide.
In other areas, fences are constructed of wood. A wooden fence or barrier is a simple fence built in a recently opened area by piling up the beam rails. Earth can also be used as a fence; an example is what is now called a concave fence, or "ha-ha," a wall built by digging a trench with one steep sides (which animals can not scale) and one side sloping (where the animals roam).
Maps Agricultural fencing
Legal fence
The tradition of livestock fencing that is undesirable is valid even today in some sparsely populated areas. For example, until the mid-twentieth century, most states in the West America called the "open range" state, in contrast to the eastern and western states that had long "ensnared" the law in which the livestock had to locked up by the owner. Although the open range is part of the western tradition, over time, the open span is limited long before it is completely eliminated; first comes the obligation to keep cattle from exploring on state and federal highways, where collisions with fast moving cars and trucks create a general safety hazard. In addition, voters may voluntarily choose to make certain farmland a "livestock district", where livestock should be fenced, a process that also becomes popular in areas where the development of hobby farms creates conflicts between large and small landowners. Over time, court cases continue to limit the application of open range law to this day, where it is an exception rather than a rule in many parts of the Western United States.
In the UK, the law is different for private land and public lands. In private land it is the responsibility of the owner to fence the livestock, but it is the responsibility of the landowner adjacent to the common to fence the public livestock.
Modern style
Wire fence
The principle of a wire fence is that they are supported mainly by tension, which lies between heavy poles tied or tied at the ends, corners, and ideally at intervals in longer stretches (every 50 to 300 meters, 150 to 1000 feet). Between these locking poles there are smaller wood or metal posts that keep the cable and perpendicular, usually 3 to 6 meters (10 to 20 feet) apart, depending on the style of the fence used.
Traditionally, wire mesh material is made of galvanized light steel, but high-tensile galvanized steel is now also used in many places. In order to prevent the fence from collapsing, which increases the risk of winding or escaping, the wire is tightened as much as material to be allowed during construction in various ways, including hand-operated "wire haulers" or "stretchers" (called "monkey sieves" in some areas) or devices other levers, winches, or even by carefully pulling with a tractor or other vehicle.
Wire fences are usually run on wooden posts, either from commercially grown trees on plantations or (especially in West America) cut from public land. When cheaper or more available from wood, T-post steel or star post is used, usually alternating every 2 to 5 posts of steel with more stable wood posts. Unwired wire attached to a wooden pole using fence staples (for center pole, this is loosely mounted, does not hold the wire). The powerless wire is held on the T-post by using a "clip" wire made of fine galvanized wire wrapping the back of the post and hooks to the wire on either side of the post.
In addition to the true desert climate, the use of long-lasting wooden poles or steel poles is recommended. In the United States, wood with natural decay resistance, such as oaks and juniper, is often used until it becomes short supply in the 1950s. Later, pine and chemical-treated pine became prevalent, and it is also widely used in England, along with chocolate. Creosote, pentachlorophenol and copper arsenates are all widely used in the US and elsewhere for treatment (although some of these chemicals are subject to legal control).
Barbed wire
The Industrial Revolution carries the first barbed wire (also a barbeque "barbwire" or simply "barb"), which is widely used after its introduction in the mid-19th century. This technology makes it economically feasible for a rangeland fence for the first time. In the United States, the introduction of barbed wire contributed to the wars of the century, as farming interests sought to use barbed wire fences to claim exclusive access to the finest pastures and water resources, including lands in the public domain. This also exacerbates the tension between cattle ranchers and crop farmers, partly when access to water is involved.
Barbed wire has been created by many manufacturers in a variety of styles that are almost endless. For the most part this is functionally identical. Differences reflect the uniqueness of each manufacturing process rather than the deliberate design of the final product. Unusual barbed wire collected by some fans.
Traditional barbed wire used since the late 19th century and to this day is made of two lightweight steel wires twisted into one, usually about 12 or 14 gauge, with about 15-30 bends per meter. Steel barbs are installed every 10-20 cm. Barbs has two or four points, with a two point design using heavier and longer barbs. The relative merits of two points vs. four barbed wire points are the subject of a firmly held view among many farmers and ranchers, to the extent that both types are still made today.
Usually four strands of barbed wire, with the lowest strand no more than 12 inches (300 mm) from the ground and the top strands at least 48 inches above the ground, create a legal fence in the western United States. Better quality fences have five strands, older fences often have only three strands, and only two strands are widely used in England if only adult animals are conceived. Other variations exist, depending on local laws and fence objectives.
Barbed wire is very effective to contain livestock. In pastures containing cattle and sheep, one or two barbed wire is used in conjunction with wire mesh to prevent livestock from stretching over the fence and so the sheep do not crawl under. Although often used in many areas for horses, barbed wire is not recommended; its use is considered bad management. There is a very high risk of injury that occurs when the animal is thin-skinned, moving quickly with long legs running into it or placing the foot through the strands.
Fine cable
Fine (or plain) cables are essentially the same products as barbed wire without thorns - either two wires or a single strand. The main advantage is that it is less likely to cause laceration and injury if an animal is entangled or rubbed. However, the animal will easily lean on the lightweight steel wire, stretch it out of shape or loosen it from the pole, and for this reason it is often used in the form of high-tensile, which is easier to return to its original length. Fine wire fences are often used as cheap materials to safely contain horses and other animals that run high-risk winding, usually along with electric fence lines. Fine wire is also used in securing fence-post braces and other uses where barbed wire is not recommended
High tensile wire
The high tensile fence (H-T or HT) is a very hard hard steel wire introduced in the 1970s and is slowly gaining acceptance. This wire can be either a plain wire or a single spindle, or woven mesh, and capable of higher voltages than mild steel. This allows the use of a wider postal distance and is not easily stretched by animals, or by fallen trees or branches. Can be isolated and powered. Because of the width of the pile, a thin metal or wood spacer (or "droppers") can be attached to the wire between the poles to maintain the distance.
Joining HT wire is difficult due to its rigidity and reduction of strength when bowed sharply. However, it can be effectively combined with special clips. HT wire is more expensive than mild steel, but due to the need for fewer posts, the overall cost of fencing is usually comparable.
Because it does not stretch, animals tend to get tangled in HT wire. However, for the same reason, if an animal is entangled or runs into several strands at high speed, it can be deadly, and is sometimes referred to as having a "cheese slicer" effect on animals.
Trellising for horticultural purposes is generally built from HT wire because it is able to withstand higher plant loads without breaking or stretching.
Woven wire
Barbed wire can not effectively contain pigs, goats or sheep. Where these animals have to be fenced, wire cords (called sheep or pigs in England, sheep or pig fences in the United States) are used instead, often with one or more barbed wire at the top. For pigs, barbed wire cables on the ground or electrically grounded wires are also used to prevent them from digging under fences.
Agricultural wire mesh can be identified by a "knot" wire wrapped around each intersecting wire. The cheaper forms of wire used in housing fences are often welded at intersections and thus less robust and breakable, creating danger to closed animals. Woven wire is more expensive to purchase and more time to install than basic cable, but it is often safer and cheaper than wood, pipes, or other materials.
Woven wire with large openings (known as "hedge" in the western United States and Ringlock in Australia) has some potential hazards. The animals contained within the fence can easily put the foot through the wide boxes while grazing along the edge of the fenceline or when reaching on it, and then become tangled in the fence. It is also dangerous for wild animals, such as deer, kangaroos or wallabies trying to jump the fence. It can become trapped when their hind legs cut off the fence and are caught. Although they can be cut off, they are often severely injured and must be switched off. A variation, called a "field fence," has a narrower hole at the bottom and a wider opening at the top, which prevents the animals from getting their feet tangled when grazing near the fence, although it helps little if an animal becomes tangled in the crevice -had. higher.
Horses and ponies are especially safer in the wire mesh fence with a smaller dimensionless square, like a "no climb" fence with a box that is approximately two inches by four inches. This type of wire is also more effective to contain goats.
Another variant on woven webbing is the "pig panel," which consists of heavy wire wire about 0.25 inches (6 mm) or more in diameter. It resembles a field fence in appearance, but is sold in non-rolled panels and is not easily wrapped or bent. However, larger animals such as horses or cattle can easily damage pig panels, so if used to accommodate large animals, it requires a support rail or pipe at the top and sides. It has some of the same strengths and weaknesses with the field fence. Although animals tend not to get entangled in them, wire is much harder to cut if they do.
The chain link fence, arguably a woven wire form, and is sometimes used for some cattle holdings. However, due to cost, it is not very common to encircle large areas where less expensive woven wire forms are equally suitable. When used in small cages, it is easily deformed by livestock, resulting in high sustained maintenance costs.
Deer deer
Deer and many goats can easily jump on the usual farm fence, and special fences are needed for goats or deer farming, or to keep the wild deer out of farmland and gardens. Deer fences are often made of lightweight woven wire netted nearly 2 meters (about six feet) tall on light posts, if not made like a regular woven fencing wire.
In areas where such high hedges are unsuitable (for example, in high wind-exposed mountains), deer can be excluded (or conceived) by ordinary heights (about 1.5 meters, four feet), with smaller than about one meter (three feet) tall, about a meter away, on the same side as the deer. The extra width prevents the deer from approaching the fence close enough to jump.
Electrical fence
Electric fencing became widely available in 1950 and has been widely used both for temporary fencing and as a means of improving the safety of fences made of other materials. It is most often made using lightweight steel wire (usually 14-17 gauge) attached to posts with insulators made of porcelain or plastic. Web or synthetic ropes with thin steel wires that are woven to carry electrical charges have become popular in recent years, especially if additional visibility is desired.
The fence fence places the electrical pulses from the ground to the wires about once per second. The pulse is narrow and usually about 5-20 kV. Animals receive an uncomfortable but harmless surprise when contacting the wire, and learn to stay away from it.
Synthetic fence
Synthetic fence covers a wide range of products. Vinyl coated wire fencing is usually based on high tensile wire with vinyl coating. Some forms are non-electric, others implant a graphite layer to carry current from the wire to the outside of the coated product so that it can be powered. It can be any color, with a very common white color in the United States so the fence is seen by the cattle. Most of the forms can be mounted on wood posts or steel t-posts.
Variants, sometimes called "vinyl rails" or "fencing ropes" consist of two or more vinyl-covered wires with vinyl or other synthetic between them to make any "rails" from 1 to 10 cm (0 to 4 inches) wide. Some forms may be electrified by using a special coating on the "rails" top wire.
Vinyl fencing is installed in a manner similar to a regular fence and should be stretched tight. Bracing strong heading at the corners and in the middle of long fencelines is required. Like other wire fences, keeping a tightly toned vinyl fence is the key to safety and performance.
An internal vinyl fencing net is marketed as a "deer fence" and is used in several locations to add another fence to prevent wild animals. There are also some forms of vinyl fencing that look similar to the vinyl-coated wire, but it does not contain internal wire, which is marketed to livestock owners. They are marketed as very safe, but their power in containing animals is being debated. These products are very new to the market.
Wood springs, pipe, and other materials
Wood fences, abandoned wires, and pipes are used where cost is less of a consideration, especially in horse farms, or in cages or cages where cattle tend to challenge the fence. Quality wood-like synthetic materials are also used, although they are the most expensive option in most situations. In some areas, this type of fence material can be cost-effective if abundant. For example, used pipes are often easily obtained at low prices if the oil fields are nearby, and wooden rail can sometimes be harvested from the land of the owner himself if it contains suitable wood.
Fladry stripes, made of fabric, metal and/or other materials, are sometimes used on fences to prevent predators from entering livestock enclosures. (see also: Livestock network)
Maintenance
All types of agricultural fences require routine maintenance to ensure their effectiveness. Cows and horses are strong enough to pass through most of the fences with major strengths, and sometimes do so when frightened or motivated by hunger, thirst, or sexual drive. Weather, floods, fires, and damage from vandals or motor vehicle accidents can cause similar damage and allow cattle to escape.
See also
- Pet fence
- Temporary fencing
- Dingo Fence
- Electrical fence
- The rabbit fence
- Separate fences
- the gates of Hampshire
- Fladry Path
- Vinyl fence
- Animal network
References
External links
- Fencing Planning for Horses
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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