The train is the type of carriage driven by the coachman using primarily a horse to provide a fast motive force. Chariots are used by soldiers as transportation or mobile archery platforms, for hunting or for racing, and as a convenient fast way to travel for many ancient people.
The word "chariot" comes from the Latin term carrus , the loan word from Gaulish. A chariot or used in a military parade is called car . In ancient Rome and some other ancient Mediterranean civilizations, a biga required two horses, three triga three, and four quadriga four.
The horse-drawn carriage is a fast, light, open-air vehicle, two wheels pulled by two horses or more mounted side by side, and a little over the floor with a waist-high guard at the front and side. Originally used for ancient warfare during the Bronze and Iron Age; but, after his military capabilities had been replaced by horsemen, as the horses gradually grew up to become larger, the train was used for travel, in procession, for games, and in races.
The critical discovery that allows the construction of light and horse-drawn carriages is the master wheel. Dates the earliest wheeled cart up to ca. 2000 BC. The use of horse-drawn carriages reaches around 1300 BC (see Battle of Kadesh). Chariots had lost their military interests in the 1st century, but train races continued to become popular in Constantinople until the 6th century.
Video Chariot
Europe
Ancient Europe
Caucasus Region
Horses were introduced to Transcaucasia at the time of the Kura-Araxes culture, beginning around 3300 BC. (Archaeologists have not found any previous horse bones in the area.) During the Kura-Araxes period, the horse appears to be very widespread, with signs of domestication.
Eastern Europe
Horse permeation is an important step towards civilization. More and more evidence supports the hypothesis, that horses are domesticated in Eurasian Steppes (Dereivka in Ukraine) around 4000-3500 BC.
The discovery of wheels used in transportation is most likely to occur in Mesopotamia or the Eurasian steppes in modern Ukraine. Wheeled vehicle evidence emerges from the middle of the 4th millennium BC almost simultaneously in the North Caucasus (Maykop culture), and in Central Europe. The earliest vehicle is probably a ox cart.
Starokorsunskaya kurgan in the Kuban region of Russia contains the graves of wagons (or burial trains) of the Maikop Culture (which also has horses). Two solid wooden wheels from this kurgan have been dated in the second half of the fourth millennium. Soon afterwards the number of such cemeteries in the North Caucasus region doubled.
As David Anthony wrote in his book The Horse, the Wheel and Language, in Eastern Europe, the earliest and most complete depiction of wheels (carts with two aces and four wheels) is in the Bronocice pot (about 3500 BC).. This is a clay pot excavated in the Funnelbeaker settlement in Swietokrzyskie Voivodeship in Poland.
The original wheel combination that was securely fastened in Eastern Europe was the Wheel of Ljubljana Marshes (around 3150 BC).
Further developments in Europe
Greek
The earliest record of the wagon is the arsenal supply of the palacial center in Mycenaean Greece, as described in Linear B tablets of the 15th-14th century BC. Tablets distinguish between "assembled" and "disassembled" trains.
The last Greeks of the first millennium BC had a cavalry arm (still not very effective), and the rocky terrain on the Greek mainland was not suitable for wheeled vehicles. Consequently, in Greek history trains have never been used to some extent in war. Nevertheless, the train retains the high status and memories of its day inherited in epic poetry. The Linear B Tablet from the Mycenaean palace records a large inventory of chariots, sometimes with specific details about how many carts are assembled or not (ie stored in modular form). Then vehicles are used in games and processions, especially for races at the Olympics and Panathenaic Games and other public festivals in ancient Greece, at hippodromes and in contests called agons . They are also used in ceremonial functions, such as when a paranymph, or a groom's friend, goes with him in a train to pick up the bridal house.
Herodotus ( Histories , 5. 9) Reports that horse-drawn carriages are widely used in Pontic-Caspian steppe by Sigynnae.
The Greek train was made to be pulled by two horses attached to the central pole. If two additional horses are added, they are attached to each side of the main pair by a single rod or trace tied to the front or a horse carriage , as it may be seen on two gift vases at the British Museum of Panathenaic Games in Athens, Greece, where the driver sits with his feet resting on a board hanging in front of the horse's feet. Biga itself consists of a chair that rests on the axle, with rails on each side to protect the driver from the wheel. The Greek trains do not seem to have any other attachment to the horses, which would make it difficult.
Body or basket horse carts rest directly on the axle (called beam ) connecting the two wheels. There is no suspension, making this an uncomfortable form of transportation. On the front and side of the basket is a semicircular guard about 3Ã, ft (1 m) tall, to provide protection from enemy attacks. At the back of the basket is open, making it easy to install and drop. There are no seats, and generally only enough space for the driver and one passenger.
Controls are mostly the same as those used in the 19th century, and are made of leather and decorated with earrings of ivory or metal. The bridle is passed through rings attached to the neck or yoke ropes, and long enough to be tied around the waistband of the carriage to allow for defense.
The wheels and the cart cart are usually made of wood, reinforced in places with bronze or iron. They have four to eight fingers and tires of bronze or iron. Due to the very wide radius, the wheel rim of the carriage is held in tension over a relatively large range. While this provides a small measure of shock absorption, it also requires removal of wheels when the train is not in use, to prevent warping from excess bearing. Most other countries today have trains with the same design as the Greeks, the main difference being the installation.
According to Greek mythology, the train was invented by Erichthonius of Athens to hide his feet, which belonged to a dragon.
The most prominent emergence of horse-drawn carriages in Greek mythology occurred when the PhaÃÆ'¨ ton, Helios son, in an attempt to push the sun train, managed to burn the earth. This story leads to the ancient meaning of a phaeton as someone who drives a train or trainer, especially at a frivolous or dangerous pace. Plato, in his book Chariot Allegory , describes a horse drawn by two horses, one well-behaved and the other troublesome, representing the opposite impulse of human nature; the duty of the coachman, representing reason, is to stop the horses from going away in different ways and lead them to enlightenment.
The Greek word for chariot, ????, hÃÆ'¡rma , is also used today to show the tank, which is called correctly ???? ?????, ÃÆ'¡rma mÃÆ'¡kh? s , really a "chariot".
Northern Europe
Trundholm sun chariot dated c. 1400 BC (see the Nordic Bronze Age). The horse draws the solar disk running on four wheels, and the Sun itself becomes two. All wheels have four spokes. The "train" consists of solar disks, axis, and wheels, and it is not clear whether the sun is described as a train or as a passenger. However, the presence of a horse-drawn vehicle model on two wheels commented on in Northern Europe at such an early time is astounding.
In addition to Trundholm trains, there are many petroglyphs of the Nordic Bronze Age depicting the chariot. One petroglyph, drawn on a stone slab in a double burial of c. 1000 BC, describes a biga with two four-wheeled fingers.
The use of composite arcs in the war wars is not proved in northern Europe.
Western Europe and the British Isles
The Celts were famous for their trains and modern English words such as
The Celtic car, which may have been called carbanto in Gaulish (compare Latin carpentum ), is a biga measuring about 2 m (6.56). ft) wide and 4 m (13 ft) in length.
The British train is open in front. Julius Caesar provides the only significant eyewitness account of the British warship:
The way they fought with their carts was this: first, they drove in all directions and threw their weapons and generally broke the enemy lines with enormous fear on their horses and their wheels; and when they had worked alone among horsemen, leaping off their trains and walking on foot. The temporary coachmen drew a little distance from the battle, and thus placed themselves with the chariots, if their master was overrun by enemy numbers, they might be ready to retreat to their own troops. Thus they display in a horse-speed battle, [along with] infantry firmness; and with daily practice and practice achieving such skills, they get used to it, even in descending and steep places, to check their horses at full speed, and set and change them instantly and run along the poles, and stand on the yoke, and from there fight the greatest seleritas to their train again.
Chariots play an important role in Irish mythology around the hero of CÃÆ'º Chulainn.
Chariots can also be used for ceremonial purposes. According to Tacitus ( Annals 14.35), Boudica, queen Iceni and a number of other tribes in a great rebellion against occupying Roman troops, spoke to his troops from a train in 61 AD:
- "Boudicca curru filias praises vehicle, national accession, solitum quidem Britannis feminarum ductu bellare testabatur" Boudicca, with his daughters before him on the train, went to tribe, protesting that it was normal for the British to fight under the leadership of women.
The last mention of the use of chariots in battle seems to have occurred at the Battle of Mons Graupius, somewhere in modern Scotland, in 84 AD. From Tacitus ( Agricola 1.35-36) "The plain between echoing with noise and with the rapid movement of trains and cavalry." The train did not win even their initial involvement with the Roman auxiliaries: "While the enemy cavalry has fled, and the coachmen have joined in the infantry engagement."
Then for centuries, trains, became known as "chariots". "War wagon" is a medieval development used to attack rebel forces or enemies on the battlefield. Carts are given a gap for archers to shoot enemy targets, supported by infantry using spears and flails and then for invention shots by hand shooters; side walls are used for protection against archers, crossbowmen, early use of gunpowder and cannon fire.
It was very useful during the Hussite War, ca. 1420, by the rebel Hussites in Bohemia. Their group can form defensive works, but they are also used as hard points for Hussite formation or as weapons in a pincer movement. This early use of gunpowder and early innovative tactics helped the infantry largely survive the attacks of the larger Holy Roman Empire troops.
Etruria
The only intact Etruscan train on c. 530 BC and was found as part of a burial train at Monteleone di Spoleto. Currently in the collection of the Metropolitan Art Museum, decorated with bronze plates adorned with low relief scenes, which are usually interpreted as episodes of Achilles life.
Urartu
In Urartu (860-590 BC), trains are used by nobles and the military. In Erebuni (Yerevan), King of Argishti of Urartu is depicted on a train dragged by two horses. The train has two wheels and each wheel has about eight fingers. This type of car was used around 800 BC.
Rome
In the Roman Empire, trains were not used for warfare, but for racing, especially in circuses, or for winning processions, when they could be drawn as many as ten horses or even by dogs, tigers, or ostriches. There are four divisions, or factiones, the coachmen, distinguished by their costume colors: red, blue, green and white teams. The main center of racing is the Circus Maximus, located in the valley between the Palatine and Aventine Hills in Rome. The trajectory can contain 12 trains, and both sides of the track are separated by the raised median called spina . The Chariot race continued to enjoy great popularity in the Byzantine era, at the Hippodrome of Constantinople, even after the Olympics was dissolved, until their decline after the 6th century Nika riots. The starting gate is known as Carceres.
An ancient Roman car or horse-drawn carriage drawn by four horses parallel to the drawing horses is called Quadriga quadriga, from the Latin quadriugi (from team four). This term sometimes means four horses without a train or horse-drawn carriage. A three horse cart, or a team of three horses drawing it, is triga , from triugi (from team three). A two horse cart, or a team of two horses drawing it, is biga , from biugi .
Maps Chariot
Ancient Near East
Some scholars argue that the horse carriage was most likely the product of the ancient Near East at the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC. Archaeologist Joost Crouwel writes that "Chariots are not a sudden discovery, but developed from previous vehicles mounted on disc wheels or barriers.These developments are best tracked in the Near East, where trains with wheels and horse drawn are first proven in the early part of the second millennium BC... "and illustrated on the Syrian cylinder seals dated either in the 18th century or 17 BC.
Initial wheels in the Near East
It is widely believed that wheeled transport is found in Mesopotamia. However, recent archaeological evidence seems to suggest otherwise, pointing to Neolithic Europe.
According to Christoph Baumer, the earliest wheel discovery in Mesopotamia dates from the first half of the third millennium BC - more than half a millennium later than the first findings of the Kuban region. At the same time, in Mesopotamia, some interesting early piktograms of sleds resting on rollers or wooden wheels have been found. They are from about the same time as the invention of the starting wheel in Europe and may show knowledge of the wheel.
The earliest and fully developed horse-drawn carriage is from a burial train from the Andronovo (Timber-Grave) sites of the Sintashta-Petrovka Proto-Indo-Iran culture in modern Russia and Kazakhstan from about 2000 BC. This culture is at least partly derived from Yamna's previous culture. It builds heavily fortified settlements, engages in bronze metallurgy on an industrial scale and practices complex ceremonial rituals that remind the known Hindu rituals of Rigveda and Avesta .
Over the next few centuries, the Andronovo culture spread across the steppes from Urals to Tien Shan, possibly in accordance with the earliest periods of Indo-Iranian culture.
Chariots stand out in Indo-Iranian mythology. Chariots are also an important part of Hindu and Persian mythology, with most of the gods in their ranks portrayed as riding them. The Sanskrit word for train is rÃÆ'¡tha - (m.), Which is cognate with Avestan ra? A - (also m.), And in its origin a substitute of the Proto-Indo-European adjective * rot-h ? -ÃÆ'³ - which means "to have a wheel", with a distinctive shift of accent found in Indo-Iranian substance. This adjective in turn comes from the collective noun * rot-eh? - "wheel", go in Latin rota * rÃÆ'³t-o - for" wheels "(from * ret - "to run") which is also found in German, Celtic and Baltic (Old High German rad n., Old Irish roth m., Lithuania rÃÆ'Â £ bags m.).
The earliest depictions of vehicles in the context of warfare were at Ur Standard in southern Mesopotamia, c. 2500 BC. It is more accurately called a cart or a cart and double and is drawn by a cow or hybrid of a female donkey and onager, named Kunga in the famous Nagar town to breed it. Hybrids are used by Eblaite troops, early Sumerians, Akkadians and Ur III. Although sometimes carrying a spearman with a driver (driver), such heavy carriages, supported by solid wooden wheels and covered with leather, may be part of a luggage cart (eg, during a royal funeral procession) rather than an inner battle vehicle they.
The Sumerians have a lighter type of two-wheeled cart, drawn by four donkeys, and with sturdy wheels. The spoked wheels did not appear in Mesopotamia until the mid-2000s BC.
Ancient Canaan and Israel
Chariots are often mentioned in the Hebrew Tanakh and the Old Greek Testament, respectively, mainly by prophets, as instruments of war or as symbols of power or glory. First mentioned in the story of Joseph (Genesis 50: 9), "Train of iron" is mentioned also in Joshua (17: 16,18) and Judges (1: 19,4: 3,13) as weapons of the Canaanites and Israelites. 1 Samuel 13: 5 mentions the chariot of the Philistines, sometimes identified with the Orang Laut or early Greeks.
Examples of The Jewish Study Bible of Tanakh ( Jewish Bible ) include:
- Isaiah 2: 7 Their land is full of silver and gold; there is no limit to their property; their land is full of horses, there is no limit to their carriage.
- Jeremiah 4:13 Indeed, he [ Ie, striker v.7. ]
- Yehezkiel 26:10 From the clouds raised by the dust of his horse will protect you; from the sound of horsemen and wheels and trains, your walls will be shaken-as he enters your gate when people enter the stricken city.
- Song of Songs 1: 9 I have likened you, my darling, with a horse in Pharaoh's train
Psalm 20: 8 They [called] to the chariot, they [called] on horses, but we call the name L ORD
Examples from the King James Version of the Bible include:
- 2 Chronicles 1:14 <<> And Solomon collected the chariot and the horseman: and he had fourteen hundred chariots, and twelve thousand horsemen, which he stationed in the railroads, and with the king in Jerusalem.
- Judges 1:19 And the LORD is with Judah; and he finished off the mountain peoples; but can not evict the inhabitants of the valley, because they have an iron train.
- Acts 8: 37-38 Then Philip said, "If you believe with all your heart, you may." And he answered and said, "I believe that Jesus Christ is the Son of God." So he ordered the train to stand still. And both Philip and the eunuch went down into the water, and he baptized him.
Jezreel (city) has been identified as the base of Ahab's railroad. And lynchpin decorated Sisera trains were identified on the site identified as his fortress Harosheth Haggoyim.
Egypt
Horse and horse carts were introduced to Egypt by the Hyksos invaders in the 16th century BC and no doubt contributed to the Egyptian military's success. In the remnants of Egyptian and Assyrian art, there are many representations of trains, which feature rich ornaments. The wars of the Egyptians and Assyrians, with whom the bow is the main arm of the attack, which is firmly mounted with a full arrow. Egyptians find saddle yoke for their train horse at c. 1500 BC. An example of a preserved Egyptian train is four specimens from Tutankhamun's tomb. Chariots can be carried by two or more horses.
Hittites
The oldest testimony of the car war in the Near East was the Old Hittite Anitta (18th century BC) text, which mentions 40 horse teams (in the original cuneiform spelling: 40 ? ÃÆ' -IM-IT AN? KUR.RA IA ) at the siege of Salatiwara. Because text mentions teams rather than trains , the existence of trains in the 18th century BC is uncertain. Confirmation of the first chariot in the kingdom of Het in the 17th century BC (Hattusili I). A Hittite horse training text was associated with Kikkuli the Mitanni (15th century BC).
The Hittites were famous coachmen. They developed a new train design that has lighter wheels, with four fingers instead of eight, and which holds three rather than two soldiers. It can accommodate three soldiers because the wheel is placed in the middle of the train and not behind like on the Egyptian train. Hittite's prosperity relies heavily on their control over trade and natural resources, especially metals. When the Hittites gain power over Mesopotamia, tension arises among the neighboring Assyria, the Hurrians, and the Egyptians. Under Suppiluliuma I, the Hittites conquered Kadesh and, finally, the whole of Syria. The Battle of Kadesh in 1274 BC is probably the greatest battle of the wars ever, involving more than 5,000 chariots.
Persian
The Persians replaced Elam in the first millennium. They may be the first to link four horses with their cars. They also use winding cars. Cyrus the Younger used this car in bulk at the Battle of Cunaxa.
Herodotus mentions that Libyans and Satuanus Indus provided cavalry and chariots for the Xerxes the Great troops. However, at this time, the cavalry is far more effective and agile than the train, and the defeat of Darius III at the Battle of Gaugamela (331 BC), where Alexander's army just opened their line and let the train pass and attack them. from behind, marks the end of the warship era (restrictions on the power of Seleucus and Pontic, India, China, and the Celtic tribe).
Ancient Chinese
The earliest archaeological evidence of trains in China, the burial site of a train found in 1933 in Hougang, Anyang in Henan province, originated from the rule of King Wu Ding of the late Shang Dynasty (about 1200 BC). Oracle bone inscriptions indicate that Shang's western enemies used limited numbers of trains in battle, but Shang himself used them only as a mobile command vehicle and in a royal hunt.
During the Shang Dynasty, members of the royal family were buried with households and complete servants, including horse-drawn carriages, horses, and coachmen. Shang ai trains are often drawn by two horses, but the four-horse variant is sometimes found in the cemetery.
Jacques Gernet claims that the Zhou dynasty, which conquered Shang ca. 1046 BC, using more trains than Shang and "creating a new kind of shirt with four horses aligned". The crew consists of archers, chauffeurs, and sometimes a third soldier who is armed with a spear or dagger ax. From the 8th century to the 5th century BC, the use of Chinese trains reached its peak. Although trains appear in larger numbers, infantry often defeat the coachmen in combat.
Mass-train wars became obsolete after the War-Country Period (476-221 BC). The main reasons are increased use of crossbows, the use of long spears up to 18 feet long and spears up to 22 feet long, and the adoption of standard cavalry units, and the more effective adaptation of archery installed from the nomadic cavalry. Chariots will continue to serve as a command post for officers during the Qin dynasty (221-206 BC) and Han Dynasty (206 BC - 220 AD), while armored trains were also used during the Han Dynasty against the Xiongnu Confederate in Han- Xiongnu Wars (133 BC to 89 M), especially at the Mobei Battle (119 BC).
Before the Han Dynasty, the strengths of the countries and Chinese dynasties were often measured by the number of trains they knew to possess. A country with a thousand chariots is rated as a state, and a country with ten thousand carriages ranks as a large and powerful state.
Ancient India
Chariots stand out in Rgveda, proving their presence in India in the 2nd millennium BC. Among the Rigvedic gods, especially Ushas (dawn) ride the train, as well as Agni in its function as a messenger between the gods and humans.
There are several train depictions among petroglyphs in the sandstone of the Vindhya ranks. Two depictions of a horse carriage are found in Morhana Pahar, Mirzapur district. One describes the biga and the driver's head. The second describes the quadriga, with a six-finger wheel, and a driver standing in a large train box. The train was attacked. One figure, armed with a shield and a mace, stood on the carriage; another figure, armed with bows and arrows, threatened the right wing. It has been suggested (speculated) that the images recording a story, most likely from the early centuries BC, from some centers in the Ganges-Yamuna plain region into the still-Neolithic hunting region. The highly realistic trains carved in the Sanchi stupa are dated roughly in the 1st century.
The scythed war train was discovered by King Magadha, Ajatashatru around 475 BC. He uses this chariot against Licchavis. A scaled war chaser has a cedar-shaped blade or sharp knife mounted at each end of the axle. Propeller, used as a weapon, is extended horizontally to the meter on the side of the train.
There are trains featured at AP State Archaeological Museum, Hyderabad, Telangana.
Gauge
Source of the article : Wikipedia
0 Comments